<p>Mount Auburn Historic District is located in the Mount Auburn neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. It extends along both sides of Auburn Avenue roughly between Ringold Street and William H. Taft Road. The population of Mount Auburn was 5,094 at the 2020 census.</p><br>
<p>The District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 28, 1973 (No. 73001464). Mount Auburn was founded as a hilltop retreat for Cincinnati&#39;s social elite where wealthier people could escape the dirt, heat, smoke and crowded conditions of the lower city. Ornate historic mansions with incredible panoramic views still reflect this heritage.</p><br>
<p>The district contains notable houses of Federal, Greek Revival, Italian Villa, Romanesque Revival, and Georgian Revival styles. The houses date from 1819 to the turn of the century and are associated with the prominent Cincinnatians. Noted residents include President William Howard Taft.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Source - City of Cincinnati Statistical Database</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mt. Auburn was for a long time almost the only suburb of the city. It was at first called Keys&#39; Hill, after an old settler, and this name was used until 1837. By 1826 a number of prominent citizens had taken up residence there.</p><br>
<p>Mount Auburn was platted as a town in 1837. It owes its name to the then newly established Mount Auburn Cemetery of Boston. By 1842, it extended from Liberty Street (Liberty Street got its name because the city laws were not enforced north of it and it was the location of the "northern liberties" – gambling, drinking and carousing) to McMillan Street (note that the historic district only goes as far south as Ringold Street, the rest of the Mount Auburn neighborhood to the south is the Prospect Hill Historic District). Mount Auburn was annexed to the City of Cincinnati in 1849.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and sites</h2><br>
<p>William Howard Taft National Historic Site</p><br>
<p>The Mount Auburn Young Ladies Institute was established in 1856 to provide higher education to females. It was known for a strenuous curriculum, particularly in science and mathematics. The Institute was located on twenty-three acres of land that was landscaped by a gardener. Only four acres were cultivated for vegetable and flower gardens and a fruit orchard. The remainder was part of the landscaped area.</p><br>
<p>Cincinnati Orphan Asylum</p><br>
<p>Hopkins Park is a small hillside park in Mt. Auburn</p><br>
<p>Inwood Park was created in 1904 after the purchase of a stone quarry. Its pavilion, built in 1910 in Mission style, is one of the earliest buildings extant in Cincinnati&#39;s parks.</p><br>
<p>Jackson Hill Park</p><br>
<p>Glencoe-Auburn Hotel and Glencoe-Auburn Place Row Houses</p><br>
<p>Prospect Hill</p><br>
<h3>Other notable architecture</h3><br>
<p>Mount Auburn Presbyterian Church, 103 William Howard Taft Road</p><br>
<p>Former First District School, 412 Liberty Hill</p><br>
<p>Mt. Auburn Cable Railway Building, Corner of Highland and Dorchester</p><br>
<p>The William Howard Doane House (Sunny Side), 2223 Auburn Avenue</p><br>
<p>Mt. Auburn Baptist Church, 2147 Auburn Avenue</p><br>
<p>Adam Riddle House, 2021 Auburn Avenue</p><br>
<p>The Henry Powell House, 2209 Auburn Avenue</p><br>
<h3>Schools</h3><br>
<p>God&#39;s Bible School and College</p><br>
<p>Mount Auburn Preparatory Academy</p><br>
<p>William Howard Taft Elementary</p><br>
<p>Christ College of Nursing</p><br>
<h3>Medical institutions</h3><br>
<p>The Christ Hospital</p><br>
<p>Planned Parenthood Elizabeth Campbell Surgical Center</p><br>
<p>The Jackson Rooming House, also known as Jackson House, is a historic building constructed in 1901 as a boarding house in the city of Tampa, in the USA state of Florida. It provided accommodations to African-Americans and other travelers of African descent during the era of racial segregation. It is located on the north end of downtown at 851 Zack Street, approximately one block west of Tampa Union Station. On March 7, 2007, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places .</p><br>
<p>The Jackson Rooming House was one of the only places in Tampa where black travelers could find lodging, as they were not accepted in standard hotels of the day. The 24-room establishment began as a six-room cottage built by Moses and Sarah Jackson in 1901. Soon after, they added bedrooms and a second story in order to operate the rooming house, which remained in business until 1989. The Jacksons children inherited the business and the home remains in the possession of one of the Jacksons grandchildren.</p><br>
<p>During its time the Jackson House played host to several prominent entertainers, including Count Basie, Cab Calloway, James Brown, Ella Fitzgerald, and Ray Charles. Acts such as these would come to play the nightclubs of Tampa&#39;s black business district, which thrived nearby along Central Avenue until the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>During the urban renewal of the 1970s most of the neighborhood surrounding the house was razed. By 2007, when the house was added to the NRHP, the Jackson House was believed to be the last free-standing residential dwelling in downtown Tampa.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the Jackson House was deemed too damaged to be restored and faced likely demolition. In 2013, efforts were being made to save the historic Rooming House from demolition by the City of Tampa. As of January 13, 2014, Todd Alan Clem, commonly known as Bubba the Love Sponge, planned to purchase this property and begin the restoration of the house. Soon afterwards, Clem withdrew plans blaming mayor Bob Buckhorn and city officials. The Jackson House Foundation estimates that it will cost about a million dollars to restore the building.</p><br>
<p>In 2022 the foundation had raised $3 million dollars in pledges in order to restore the property, including $1 million dollars from Tampa Bay Lightning owner Jeff Vinik. However, the foundation reported that in order to continue construction they would need to reach an agreement with the owners of the neighboring parking lot, 717 Parking, to allow 10-foot easements for fire code standards After a year of negotiations, 717 continued to deny the Jackson foundation access to the property needed.</p><br>
<p>In October 2023 the Tampa City Council voted in favor of a land swap deal with 717 Parking. But by February 2024 the agreement between 717 and the Jackson House Foundation had yet to be settled with no clear indication for the delay.</p><br>
<p>The Frieda and Henry J. Neils House is a house in Minneapolis designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. The home was designed for Henry J. Neils, a stone and architectural materials distributor, and his wife Frieda. It is unusual for a Wright-designed home both in the type of stone used as well as in its aluminum window framing.</p><br>
<p>The Neils approached Wright in 1949 to help build a new home on property adjacent to their existing home, overlooking Cedar Lake. The home was designed through close collaboration between the architect and the Neils who were knowledgeable about architecture. It was Wrights only home to use marble walls: the small marble blocks were left over from other marble projects, and Henry Neil, who was a trustee of a marble company, was able to acquire them at a good price and convince Wright to use the material; however, the color of the completed walls did not satisfy either Wright or the Neils, and some of the blocks were later stained. Unlike Wrights normal use of wooden window frames, the home used aluminum frames made by Neils&#39; company.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed in Wrights post-World War II Usonian architecture, with the goal of "affordable, beautiful housing for a democratic America." The L-shaped, one-story homes floor plan features a dominant living room and social and spatial separation into "active" and "quiet" areas. The short side of the L consists of the "active" portion, centering on a living room with 17 ft-high vaulted ceiling and views of Cedar Lake; the "quiet" portion is the long side ending in a three-car carport and has bedrooms as well as a gallery leading to a hidden main entrance.</p><br>
<p>Located on 2801 Burnham Boulevard, the home is visible from public streets but remains privately owned by members of the Neils family.</p><br>
<p>Battery Chamberlin is an artillery battery in the Presidio of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States. The battery is named in honor of Captain Lowell A. Chamberlin, who had served with distinction in the Civil War. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This Endicott-era battery was built in 1904 with four six-inch rifled guns mounted on disappearing carriages and was intended to protect underwater minefields laid outside the Golden Gate during the time of war. These guns had a maximum range of 7.5 miles, and crews were trained to fire two rounds per minute. The original guns were removed in 1917 for use in World War I.</p><br>
<p>The battery received two six-inch guns on simple barbette carriages in 1920. During World War II, the Sixth Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense) Regiment, Battery "D", manned the two guns at Battery Chamberlin, living on-site until the end of the war. The battery was covered with camouflage netting to hide it from air attack. These guns were removed in 1948.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the National Park Service received 6-inch Gun M1905 (#9 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1903 (#2 Watertown, each listed individually in the National Register of Historic Places, from the Smithsonian Institution. The gun and carriage were installed at gun emplacement No. 4 at Battery Chamberlin and are the similar to those installed in 1904. This is one of about a score of disappearing guns in the world that still operates, moving from loading to firing position.</p><br>
<p>Operation of the gun is open to the public, usually on the first full weekend of each month from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. An underground magazine contains photos and small exhibits on the harbor defenses of San Francisco. The battery is located at the north end of the parking lot at Baker Beach.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Agecroft Hall is a Tudor manor house and estate located at 4305 Sulgrave Road on the James River in the Windsor Farms neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia, United States. The manor house was built in the late 15th century, and was originally located in the Irwell Valley at Agecroft, Pendlebury, then in the historic county of Lancashire, England, but by the 20th century it was unoccupied and in a state of disrepair.</p><br>
<p>Thomas C. Williams, Jr. of Richmond, Virginia, a wealthy entrepreneur, purchased Agecroft Hall upon the advice of his architect, Henry G. Morse. During the Country Place Era, when many wealthy American families were building extensive country estates emulating those they had seen in Europe, Williams, whose business interests included tobacco, banking, and shipping, wished to build a true English manor house on his 23-acre estate overlooking the James River. Agecroft was dismantled, crated, transported across the Atlantic, and reconstructed in Richmond&#39;s Windsor Farms neighborhood then a fashionable new neighborhood being developed by Williams on his family farm site, which had long been known as "Windsor".</p><br>
<p>The architect, Morse, was retained to oversee the reconstruction. The intention was not to replicate Agecroft as it had stood in Lancashire, but rather to create a functional and comfortable mansion reminiscent of its English predecessor. The original floor plan was abandoned and many 20th century conveniences were included. Reconstruction took two years and cost approximately $250,000, and the project was completed during the spring of 1928.</p><br>
<p>Williams died the following year, having stipulated in his will that upon his widow&#39;s death or relocation, Agecroft Hall would become a house museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hall was one of three manor houses owned by the Prestwich family from 1292 when Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, granted land on the banks of the River Irwell in Lancashire to Adam de Prestwich. In 1350, Johanna de Tetlow, daughter of Alice de Prestwich and Jordan de Tetlow, married Richard de Langley of Middleton after the deaths of her parents and brothers – possibly from the plague. The name "Agecroft", meaning "field of wild celery" (from ache and croft) was adopted circa 1376, the old name of Pendlebury being dropped for the manor but not for the village. Subsequently, the Langleys lived at Agecroft Hall until 1561 when the male line failed. The Langleys were a powerful local family for several centuries with major land holdings across the area.</p><br>
<p>Robert Langley was the last male heir of the Langleys. The first Robert Langley (1379–1446) was a ward of John of Gaunt and later supported the claim of Gaunt&#39;s son as Henry IV in the overthrow of King Richard II. The second Robert Langley (1462–1547) supported Henry VII and received a lifetime annuity from him. And yet another Robert Langley (1506–1561) was granted a knighthood by Edward VI and later received a general pardon from Queen Elizabeth. By this time the Langleys were very prosperous and had intermarried with all the great Lancashire families. But Sir Robert and his wife Cecily de Trafford had no son and on his death the property was divided equally between his four daughters.</p><br>
<p>Dorothy, the eldest, married James Assheton from Chadderton. Margaret married John Reddish of Reddish. Catherine married Thomas Legh, a younger son of Sir Piers Legh of Lyme. Anne, his third daughter inherited Agecroft Hall as part of her portion and subsequently married William Dauntesey.</p><br>
<p>Richard Langleys brother, William (1315-1386) was Rector of Middleton. Another brother, was the grandfather of Bishop Thomas Langley who entered the service of John of Gaunt and became Lord Chancellor of England, Keeper of the Privy Seal and Bishop of Durham. He was also elected a Cardinal, but refused the appointment. Bishop Thomas paid for the rebuilding of St Leonards Church, Middleton, which was reconsecrated in 1412.</p><br>
<p>In the 1662 Hearth Tax returns, Agecroft Hall was recorded as having 11 hearths out of a total of 35 in the whole of Pendlebury.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 19th century, industrialisation swept through the Irwell Valley. Coal pits were opened all around Agecroft Hall, railway tracks were cut across the manor and mining subsidence above the Clifton Hall Colliery made a dirty lake on the edge of the estate. The house fell into disrepair and was sold at auction in 1925 to Mr & Mrs Thomas C. Williams. Today, Agecroft Hall stands re-created on the banks of the James River, in a setting chosen to be reminiscent of its original site at Agecroft near the River Irwell. Agecroft&#39;s grounds reflect English gardens with Elizabethan aromatics and were designed by Charles Gillette.</p><br>
<h2>Babes in the Wood</h2><br>
<p>Cyril Bracegidle in his book Dark River: Irwell asserts that legend has it that the tale of the Babes in the Wood was inspired by an incident at the hall during the reign of Edward III. On the morning of the Feast of the Ascension (the 40th Day after Easter Sunday) in 1374, young Roger Langley and his sister escaped from the villainous Robert de Holland and his men and hid in the forest which covered the slopes of the Irwell Valley, cared for by loyal retainers, until their guardian, John of Gaunt, the first Duke of Lancaster, rescued them. However, other sources attribute the story to an incident in Wayland Wood, Norfolk.</p><br>
<p>Cincinnati Times-Star Building at 800 Broadway Street in Cincinnati, Ohio, is a registered historic building. It was listed in the National Register on November 25, 1983. It was built in 1933 and was designed by the firm of Samuel Hannaford & Sons in the Art Deco style. The limestone building has 15 stories with a basement and sub-basement beneath. There is no 13th floor as superstitions ran high during this time period. Much of the decorated facade pays homage to the printing and publishing businesses. Two hundred feet above the street stand four pillars at each of the tower&#39;s corners; they represent patriotism, truth, speed, and progress.</p><br>
<p>The newspaper plant occupied the first six stories. The floors above were offices. The Cincinnati Times-Star was an outgrowth of several newspapers and was owned by Cincinnati&#39;s Taft family. Charles Phelps Taft was editor.</p><br>
<p>Before moving into the Times-Star Building on Broadway on January 1, 1933, the newspaper&#39;s offices were on Sixth and Walnut streets.</p><br>
<p>When the Times-Star folded in 1958, its assets were purchased by its rival, The Cincinnati Post, who moved into the building and occupied it until 1984. Hamilton County bought the building in the late 1980s and renamed it the 800 Broadway Building. It is used for county offices and by the juvenile court.</p><br>
<p>The building is ornamented with bronze and nickel silver grilles, over the windows, front entrance, and lobby interior.</p><br>
<p>Church of the Holy Trinity is an Episcopal church on Rittenhouse Square in Philadelphia. The first service in the church building, designed by Scottish architect John Notman, was held on March 27, 1859. The corner tower was added in 1867 and was designed by George W. Hewitt of the firm of Fraser, Furness & Hewitt. It is designed in the simpler "low church" style, rather than the fancier "high church" or Anglo-Catholic style of Notman&#39;s nearby St. Marks Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>The churchs rector from 1862 to 1869 was Phillips Brooks, who was also the author of the lyrics to the familiar Christmas carol "O Little Town of Bethlehem". Renowned (and sometimes reviled) for his ebullient homilies and his staunch opposition to slavery, Brooks delivered a eulogy to Abraham Lincoln in the church on April 23, 1865, following the USA Presidents assassination on April 14. This sermon was reprinted and widely read. After the end of the American Civil War, Brooks took a sabbatical from the church to travel to Europe, Israel and Palestine. His visit to Bethlehem inspired him to write a poem for his Sunday School students, and for the church&#39;s 1868 Christmas season he had church organist Louis Redner set the poem to music. The result was “O Little Town of Bethlehem."</p><br>
<p>In 1869, Brooks became rector of Trinity Church, Boston, where he oversaw the design, decoration and construction of Trinitys new Back Bay, Boston facility from 1872 to 1877 following the original churchs destruction in Boston&#39;s Great Fire of 1872.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s rector from 1899 to his death in 1932 was rev. Floyd W. Tomkins.</p><br>
<p>Philadelphia&#39;s Church of the Holy Trinity is also known for its numerous stained-glass windows, including five by Louis Comfort Tiffany and one by Luc-Olivier Merson.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Leadership</h2><br>
<h3>Vestry</h3><br>
<p>The current vestry is composed of 12 members of the congregation.</p><br>
<h3>Rectors</h3><br>
<p>Alexander Hamilton Vinton (1858-1861)</p><br>
<p>Phillips Brooks (1862-1869)</p><br>
<p>Thomas Augustus Jaggar (1870-1875)</p><br>
<p>William Neilson McVickar (1876-1898)</p><br>
<p>Floyd Williams Tomkins (1899-1932)</p><br>
<p>Howard Robert Weir (1933-1937)</p><br>
<p>Edgar Frank Salmon (1938-1951)</p><br>
<p>Harry S. Longley (1951-1961)</p><br>
<p>Cuthbert Pratt (1961-1979)</p><br>
<p>Norman S. Kerr (1980-1983)</p><br>
<p>John Arthur Smart (-1996)</p><br>
<p>Terence Chaus Roper (1999-)</p><br>
<p>Alan James Robert Neale (2004-2015)</p><br>
<p>John Gardner and Rachel Wenner Gardner (co-rectors)</p><br>
<p>Old Main, at 400 East Tyler Mall on the Tempe campus of Arizona State University, is the oldest building on the campus. It was built in 1898 and was designed by W. A. McGinnis in the Victorian Queen Anne style with Richardsonian Romanesque influences. Along with the Administration/Science Building  and a third building no longer extant, Old Main defined the first quad on the campus of the Arizona Territorial Normal School; Arizona would not become a state for 14 years after Old Main was dedicated.</p><br>
<p>Old Main was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 as "Main Building, Tempe Normal School" The building has been restored since it was received historic status.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction began on Old Main in 1894, and it was dedicated in February 1898. The building was originally all classrooms on the second and third floor, with an auditorium (the Assembly Hall) on the upper floor and a library on the lower level. In 1911, Theodore Roosevelt came to Arizona for the dedication of the Roosevelt Dam, and spoke on the steps of Old Main. In his speech, he envisioned the opportunities the dam and the resulting irrigation for farming would create for Arizona and opined that some day perhaps as many as 100,000 people might live in the valley. The dam made possible the Salt River Project and eventually led to the evolution of the Salt River Valley as a major metropolitan area.</p><br>
<p>For decades, Old Main was the largest building in the Salt River Valley. Its significance to the development of both Tempe and the university was great. After Old Main was built, alumni went to the legislature to ask that the admission standards be raised, in order to bring the stature of the institution up to the stature of the building.</p><br>
<p>The designation of Old Main as a historic place with its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 &ndash; the year of ASU&#39;s centennial &ndash; provoked interest in restoring and renovation the building. Efforts began in 1990, and by 1996 it had become an important part of the university’s $400 million "Campaign for Leadership". Thanks to a $5.7 million campaign led by the ASU Alumni Association, the building was refurbished to the period in which it was constructed.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Old Main is a two and one-half stories tall brick 30 x building with a full basement set on a granite base. The design is primarily Queen Anne, but shows influences of the Richardson Romanesque style. It has a hipped and projecting gabled pressed-metal roof with castellated cresting and metal ridge finials, and a red sandstone entrance stairway. The main (northern) facade faces University Drive and features two projecting gables. The two-story porch had been removed at some point in the building&#39;s history, but was restored in the modern renovation. The windows and doors generally have stone lintels; the upper level windows on the north side have circular arches, while those on the south side have segmented ones. The building is wrapped by stone courses at the window sill level.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, a fire stair was added to the front of the building between the two gables. This was removed in the recent restoration.</p><br>
<p>Child of the Sun is a collection of buildings designed by Frank Lloyd Wright on the campus of the Florida Southern College in Lakeland, Florida. The twelve original buildings were constructed between 1941 and 1958. Another of Wright&#39;s designs, a Usonian house originally intended for faculty housing, was completed in 2013, and is now part of the Sharp Family Tourism and Education Center. On March 2, 2012, it was designated a National Historic Landmark. The buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and together form the largest collection of buildings by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Frank Lloyd Wright was retained by Florida Southern President Ludd M. Spivey in 1938 to develop a master plan for the expansion and growth of the colleges campus. Wright was given the opportunity to plan the campus using ideas about organic integration with the environment that the architect had been developing for some years. As basic design blocks for the campus, Wright adopted a plan based on the idea of orange groves, which have evenly spaced trees forming a grid. For construction, Wright used of textile blocks, which he had developed formally a decade before in his "Textile Block" houses in California. The buildings on the Florida Southern campus could be made of concrete blocks of standard size, whose use simplified design and construction of the buildings. Some of these blocks were formed by the colleges students using local materials. The basic plan for the campus was based on ideas Wright had conceived as part of his Broadacre City idea of urban planning.</p><br>
<h2>Sharp Family Tourism and Education Center</h2><br>
<p>Opened in 2013, the Sharp Family Tourism and Education Center features a Wright-designed Usonian house and the GEICO Gift Shop. The center offers self-guided, docent-led, and group tours of this collection of the architect&#39;s work that Wright himself proclaimed to be among his best. It is open from 9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The buildings within the district include:</p><br>
<p>Annie Pfeiffer Chapel first completed Frank Lloyd Wright structure on the campus, dedicated 1941</p><br>
<p>Seminars (now the Financial Aid and Business Office) completed 1941</p><br>
<p>Buckner Building (original Roux Library) completed 1946</p><br>
<p>Watson/Fine Building (Administration Building) completed 1949</p><br>
<p>Water Dome partially completed 1949, completed and restored in 2007 to Wright&#39;s original plans</p><br>
<p>Danforth Chapel completed 1955</p><br>
<p>Ordway Building (originally called the Industrial Arts Building) completed 1952</p><br>
<p>Polk County Science Building (called Polk Science by faculty and students) completed 1958</p><br>
<p>The Esplanades various completion times, currently undergoing restoration</p><br>
<p>The Historic Washington County Jail is a log, one-room jail previously used in Oregon. It was built in 1853 and was used until 1870. In 1986, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is preserved by the Washington County Museum in Washington County, Oregon, United States and is exhibited outside of the museum near its entrance. In 2008, the building was de-listed from the NRHP.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1853, the first Washington County Jail opened. It was built at Fourth and Washington Streets in Hillsboro, Oregon, by William Brown for a cost of $900. During its use, two people died while confined to the jail. A baby (Eber Rice) was born in 1876 after it ceased being used as a jail. He liked to say that he was born in jail and never returned. One of those dying in the jail was former Hudson&#39;s Bay Company employee William Burris, who killed his family in 1855 in a drunken rage. However, despite rumors, American Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant was not jailed here while he was posted to Oregon before the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, the building was sold to the Cave family. They lived in it briefly while their house was built, and then used the structure as an outbuilding. In 1953, the structure was moved to the Washington County Fairgrounds (now known as the Westside Commons), where it remained until 2003. Beginning in 2003, the building was restored at a cost of $75,000 and relocated from the county fairgrounds to the Washington County Museum.</p><br>
<h3>Currently</h3><br>
<p>In 1986, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Then in 2003 the building was disassembled and restored. In September 2008, the museum decided to move the jail outside, and in March 2009 the old log jail was relocated outside and became an outdoor exhibit on the grounds of the museum.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The one room, 160 ft&sup2; wooden structure weighs 12,000 pounds. The jail was built in three months using Douglas fir timbers. The building originally housed a bucket, ankle chains, and straw mattresses.</p><br>
<p>The George D. Birkhoff House is a historic house, at 22 Craigie Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975 for its association with Harvard University professor George David Birkhoff , one of the most important mathematicians of his time.</p><br>
<p>The house is a three-story Second Empire wood-frame structure with a mansard roof. Its date of construction is not known, but is surmised to be before the 1890s. The house is not architecturally distinguished, but its exterior has not been significantly altered since its construction. Changes made to the interior, of center-hall plan, include the additions of a cathedral ceiling to the front parlor conversion and of modern plumbing.</p><br>
<p>George David Birkhoff was born in Michigan and educated at the University of Chicago and Harvard in mathematics. In 1912 he accepted a teaching position at Harvard, where he remained for the rest of his life. Birkhoff helped to advance mathematics, solving Henri Poincaré&#39;s "last geometric theorem" and developing the ergodic theorem, a thesis important in statistical physics and the study of dynamical systems. Virtually every honor available to mathematicians was bestowed on him during his life, and there is a prize named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Birkhoff lived in this house for eight years, from 1920 to 1928. It was made a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Woodward & Lothrop Service Warehouse is a historic warehouse located in the NoMa neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It was designated a District of Columbia Historic Landmark in 1993, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The building is visible from the NoMa–Gallaudet U Metro station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The warehouse was designed by Abbot, Merkt & Company, a group of architects noted for their work in designing warehouses, and was constructed between 1937 and 1939. Built to incorporate areas for service, storage, and delivery, it is one of the few examples of such a mixed-use warehouse still extant in the Washington area. The structure is considered to be the most ambitious warehouse built in the area before World War II, and is one of the city&#39;s largest warehouses. The property was owned by Woodward & Lothrop until the company foundered in 1995. It was subsequently taken over by the Bristol Group, a San Francisco-based company, and converted to office space. Tenants include the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, and the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Architecturally, the building is considered notable because it was constructed in the Streamline Moderne style; unusually for a warehouse, its design was not meant to be merely utilitarian. According to the District&#39;s Historic Preservation Office, it was this "highly refined architectural expression unusual for utilitarian structure" that led, in part, to its recognition as a historic structure.</p><br>
<p>One of the most prominent features of the building is its large pink neon sign, identifying it as a Woodward & Lothrop property, which remains on the buildings exterior. There are no plans to remove the sign, as it is considered an integral part of the buildings historic nature.</p><br>
<p>Along with the Lothrop Mansion, the warehouse is one of two D.C. Historic Landmarks directly associated with now-defunct department store chain Woodward & Lothrop.</p><br>
<p>The Orpheum Theater is a theater in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Also known as the RKO Orpheum, it was designed by G. Albert Lansburgh, built in 1918, and opened for vaudeville in 1921. The Beaux Arts style building has 1,500 seats, and went on to host silent movies, “talkies,” live music and a range of other shows. In 1983, the Orpheum was scheduled for demolition but was acquired by the New Orleans Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra, and underwent a $3 million renovation. It served as the orchestras home theater until the orchestras financial demise in 1991. Under new ownership, the Orpheum became the home of the newly formed Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO), whose musicians prized the auditorium for its acoustical purity. The theater is an example of "vertical hall" construction, initially built to provide perfect sight lines and acoustics for vaudeville shows which did not have the benefit of amplifiers or modern lighting.</p><br>
<p>The Orpheum Theater was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was also included in the NRHP listing of the New Orleans Lower Central Business District in 1991. The theater was severely damaged in 2005 by Hurricane Katrina and the associated levee failure floodwaters and was sold to a Dallas businessman. It was then sold to Axiom Global Properties in 2011 (formerly Orpheum Properties, Inc.). Neither of these owners succeeded in restoring the theater to commerce. The theater was purchased in February 2014 by Dr. Eric George, who completed a $13 million renovation. Renovations included installing a new hydraulic floor that can be lifted and lowered to create sloped or flat footing, which allows it to accommodate concerts and events. Additionally, the upgrade included an expanded marble lobby, enlarged seating, additional bathrooms, multiple bars. George and his investment company, ERG Enterprises, completed a subsequent renovation in 2020 by opening a speakeasy bar in the basement of the theater. The venue, called the Double Dealer, opened January 24, 2020.</p><br>
<p>The theater reopened in August 2015. The first event was held on September 17, 2015, with a performance by the Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO). The LPO has since become the anchor tenant for the theater.</p><br>
<p>The Percy W. Bridgman House is an historic house at 10 Buckingham Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. It is a National Historic Landmark, notable for its associations with Dr. Percy Williams Bridgman, a physicist, Nobel Prize winner, and Harvard University professor. It is now part of the Buckingham Browne & Nichols  Lower School campus.</p><br>
<p>The house is an architecturally undistinguished 2 story house built about 1920 in a Neo-Rationalist style. At the time of its designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1975, the house had not been significantly altered since Dr. Bridgman&#39;s death in 1961. It was acquired by the BBN School not long after his death, which has used it for a variety of purposes, including as a faculty residence and lounge. It is used for school offices.</p><br>
<p>Percy Bridgman (1882–1961) was born in Cambridge, raised in Newton, and educated at Harvard. After receiving his Ph.D. in physics in 1908, he was invited to join the Harvard physics faculty, where he remained for the rest of his life. Bridgman&#39;s primary area of research was high pressure physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (the fifth American to be so honored) in 1946 for his development of equipment for advancing research in that field. He also wrote extensively on the epistemology of physics and the sciences, advancing an idea that became known as operationalism, the view that the concept underlying any measurement was synonymous with a corresponding set of operations performed in making the measurement. Bridgman moved into this house in 1928, and lived there for the rest of his life.</p><br>
<p>St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church was the first church for African Americans in Nebraska, organized in North Omaha in 1867. It is located at 2402 North 22nd Street in the Near North Side neighborhood. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The building was constructed in the center of Omahas North Side in the Prairie School architecture style. Prairie School architecture is rare, and this architectural gem in urban Nebraska is particularly unusual for being designed and built in the 1920s, after the Prairie Styles rapid loss of popularity beginning after 1914.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Organized in the fall of 1865, the first minister of St. John was Rev. W. T. Osborne, who was also the first African American minister in Nebraska. The first meetings being held at a private residence on Capitol Avenue and Ninth Street in present-day downtown Omaha. After worshiping for a short time on Harney Street, the church moved to Douglas and Fifteenth Streets until the summer of 1865. That year a lot was purchased on the corner of Eighteenth and Webster Streets in Near North Omaha. The original church was built for $1,000.</p><br>
<p>The longest standing member of the church was Mrs. Eliza Turner, who until her death in 1938 regularly attended St. John&#39;s for seventy years. Today St. John hosts a thriving congregation, and the church serves in a variety of capacities to the surrounding community.</p><br>
<h3>Pastors</h3><br>
<p>Rev. J. H. Hubbard, 1866 to 1868</p><br>
<p>Rev. W. B. Ousley, 1868 to 1869</p><br>
<p>W. L. Harrod, 1869 to 1870</p><br>
<p>William Sexton, 1870 to 1871</p><br>
<p>G. W. Gaines, 1871 to 1873</p><br>
<p>J. W. Braxton, 1873 to 1875</p><br>
<p>B. F. Watson, 1875 to 1876</p><br>
<p>J. A. Fouche, 1876 to 1878</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Johns has been housed in three different churches. The second church was located at North 25th and Grant Streets, and was notably designed by Omahas first African American architect, Clarence W. Wigington, which was built around the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>When the congregation outgrew that building, they located a new place to build at 2402 North 22nd Street, St. John A.M.E. Church building was designed by local architect Frederick S. Stott in 1921 in the Prairie School style. In 1947 an auditorium was added, and additional rooms were finished in 1956. The building is remarkable for its reflection of the progressive attitude of its congregation at a time when traditional values in religious architecture were prevalent. The building is recognized as an important contribution to the Prairie School style, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in May 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s has been host to several members who are notable in local and national history. They include:</p><br>
<p>Ophelia Clenlans, civil rights leader in Omaha</p><br>
<p>Harrison J. Pinkett, the first University trained lawyer in Nebraska and a civil rights leader in Omaha</p><br>
<p>W. H. C. Stephenson, a doctor and civil rights leader in Omaha</p><br>
<p>The Casa de la Guerra was the residence of the fifth commandant of the Presidio de Santa Barbara, José de la Guerra y Noriega, founder of the Guerra family of California  from 1828 until his death in 1858. Descendants of José lived in the home until 1943. The site is currently owned and operated by the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation as a historic house museum. The address is 15 East De la Guerra Street, Santa Barbara, California.</p><br>
<p>The time when José lived in the casa it was known to locals as the casa grande (big house), as the thirteen room structure dwarfed the surrounding one room adobes. In the casa grande period, José added the altito structure. The altito structure no longer stands, but acted as José&#39;s office and was where he stored his money.</p><br>
<p>The 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake did significant damage to the residence, and due to Josés declining health, his son Pablo spearheaded renovations. Pablos renovations reflected the change in style in the Santa Barbara area, modifying the home to give it a Victorian appearance. The most significant changes in this time were the removal of the adobe columns in favor of wooden columns and the addition of wooden siding to the house.</p><br>
<p>The Casa is a Santa Barbara City Landmark, a California Historical Landmark. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places together with Paseo de la Guerra as "El Paseo and Casa de la Guerra".</p><br>
<p>The house is being restored and furnished to appear as it might have between 1828 and 1858. The Casa de la Guerra interior is open to visitors Saturdays and Sundays, although the exterior may be explored any time.</p><br>
<p>The Presbytère is an architecturally important building in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. It stands facing Jackson Square, adjacent to the St. Louis Cathedral. Built in 1813 as a matching structure for the Cabildo, which flanks the cathedral on the other side, it is one of the nation&#39;s best examples of formal colonial Spanish architecture . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970, and is now a property of the Louisiana State Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Presbytère is located on the northeast side of Jackson Square, between the cathedral and St. Ann Street. It is a two-story brick building, originally built with a flat roof that had a balustrade topped by urns. Its ground floor has a nine-bay open arcade of elliptical arches, with pilastered corners. The upper level also has arched openings, all articulated by pilasters, with multipane windows. The center three bays on both levels have engaged columns on either side, and are topped as a group by a gabled pediment. A dormered mansard roof was added in 1847, which is topped by a louvered cupola.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Presbytère was designed in 1791 by the French-born Gilberto Guillemard to match the Cabildo, or Town Hall, on the other side of St. Louis Cathedral. By 1798, only the first floor had been completed, and its second floor was not completed until 1813. Originally called the Casa Curial (‘Ecclesiastical House’), its name derives from the fact that it was built on the former site of the residence of the Capuchin friars and presbytery (rectory, in French). The building initially was used for commercial purposes until 1834, when it was used by the Louisiana Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>In 1853, cathedral officials sold the Presbytère to the city, and in 1908 the city sold it to the state. In 1911 it became part of the Louisiana State Museum.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the cupola was replaced atop the Presbytère. The cupola had been missing since the New Orleans Hurricane of 1915.</p><br>
<p>Sever Hall is an academic building at Harvard University designed by the American architect H. H. Richardson and built in the late 1870s. It is located in Harvard Yard in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970, recognized as one of Richardson&#39;s mature masterpieces.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sever Hall was built from 1878 to 1880 with a gift from Anne Sever in honor of her deceased husband, James Warren Sever. It was designed as an academic building with classrooms, lecture halls, rooms for professors, etc., in a style now known as Richardsonian Romanesque though in red brick rather than stone.</p><br>
<p>The building is 176 feet and 4 inches long, by 74 feet and 4 inches wide, with a height to cornice of about 50 feet, above which the hipped roof rises a further 30 feet. It is three stories tall, with a fourth story set within the roof. The main facade (west side) features two round bays set symmetrically about an entrance within a deeply recessed semi-circular archway. The east facade is similar but with a simpler, rectangular entrance. North and south facades are relatively austere expanses punctuated with windows.</p><br>
<p>About 1.3 million bricks were used in its construction. Of these, some 100,000 form the exterior facades, which feature 60 different varieties of red molded brick, as well as elaborate brick carvings. Blood mortar was used as a joiner originally, though polybond compounds have been used in restoration efforts since 1967.</p><br>
<p>The archway admitting entrance into the west facade possesses an acoustical oddity. Whispering directly into the bricks of the archway, while standing very close to one side of the arch, can be heard clearly on the other side of the arch (approximately twelve feet away).</p><br>
<p>In recent years, there has been renewed interest in Sever Hall among architectural historians, due to Robert Venturi&#39;s comment that it is his "favorite building in America." He told Boston Globe critic Robert Campbell: "I have come to understand the validity of architecture as generic shelter rather than abstract-expressive sculpture, and as flexible loft for accommodating evolving functions.... And then I love Sever Hall also for its aesthetic tension deriving from its vital details. I could stand and look at it all day. Thank you, H.H. Richardson."</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>Sever has small classrooms and larger lecture halls, so it is mostly used as a general-purpose classroom building for humanities courses especially small sections, beginning language courses, and Harvard Extension School classes. Grossman Library, a non-circulating library serving Extension School students, was located on the third floor until Extension School library services were integrated into Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences libraries in the late 2010s. The fourth floor of Sever, unnoticed by many of its students as the central stairwell does not lead to it, contains offices for Harvards Visual and Environmental Studies department. In the evenings and on weekends student groups hold meetings or run annual events. One of Severs notable annual events is Vericon, run during the break between semesters by the Harvard-Radcliffe Science-Fiction Association, though it has not been hosted since 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Margaret Fuller House was the birthplace and childhood home of American transcendentalist Margaret Fuller . It is located at 71 Cherry Street, in the Old Cambridgeport Historic District area of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the neighborhood now called "The Port"  . The house is now a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The three-story, wooden, Federal style house was built in the early 19th century, and was Fuller&#39;s home from birth until age 16. In 1902 it became the Margaret Fuller House of Cambridge, a settlement house providing information and services to help immigrants assimilate into American culture. It is now known as the Margaret Fuller Neighborhood House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fullers parents, Timothy Fuller and Margaret Crane Fuller, were married in 1809. A few months after the wedding, they bought the three-story, Federal-style house on Cherry Street for the high price of $6,000. The couples daughter Sarah Margaret Fuller was born in this home on May 23, 1810.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Margaret Fuller House is being used to service the public in The Port community in Cambridge. It provides a free computer lab, computer classes, a food pantry, after-school services for children, meeting room space for various activities for the public and a daytime summer camp for children. A fundraiser is held every year for the MFNH called the Sweet Soul Supper to help provide money to run these services.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974 for its association with Fuller, whose publication of Woman in the Nineteenth Century in the 1840s has been described by her biographer Karen Antony as "the first considered statement of feminism in this country".</p><br>
<p>The Fort McKavett State Historic Site is a former United States Army installation located in Menard County, Texas. The fort was first established in 1852 as part of a line of forts in Texas intended to protect migrants traveling to California. The fort was deemed unnecessary and abandoned in 1859 and was occupied by settlers. From 1861 to 1863, during the American Civil War, the fort became an outpost of Confederate forces on the Texas frontier until they left for other theaters of the war. When the US Army returned to Texas in the later 1860s, the fort was reoccupied and rebuilt, and became a base for the "Buffalo Soldier", or all-African American, 24th Infantry and 9th Cavalry Regiments.</p><br>
<p>Fort McKavett was abandoned permanently in June 1883 and was once again occupied by civilian settlers who converted its buildings into residences and businesses. The town of Fort McKavett, Texas, grew within and beyond the fort&#39;s grounds until the late 1920s. Thereafter it began a long decline until it became a ghost town by the end of the 20th century. Preservation of the fort began in 1968 and on July 14, 1971, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Fort McKavett is managed by the state of Texas as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Use as military outpost</h2><br>
<p>Fort McKavett was established during the American colonization of Texas, a process that began in the 1820s with the immigration of Anglo-Americans into Spanish, later Mexican, Texas. Europeans first reached the San Saba River valley, in central Texas, in the 17th century, when the Spanish Empire established contact with the Jumano people. In the mid-18th century, the Apache peoples migrated into central Texas, displacing the Jumano and then themselves being displaced by the Comanche people. From 1757 to 1768, the Spanish briefly maintained the Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas in the San Saba valley, but with the closure of the presidio abandoned the area. In 1849, the valley regained strategic significance when Captain William H.C. Whiting scouted a trail through central Texas that traveled through the valleys of the San Saba and Concho Rivers.</p><br>
<p>After existing as an independent republic for a decade, Texas was annexed by the United States of America in 1845, which led to the start of the Mexican-American War the next year. The United States defeated Mexico, and in the treaty that ended the war in 1848 annexed what is presently the Southwestern United States. That same year, gold was discovered in California, enticing an unprecedented number of white migrants to go west, across Texas, beginning in 1849. To protect them, the US Army established a line of forts in Texas 800 mi long from Fort Worth to Fort Duncan in 1848–49. In 1851, Colonel Persifor Frazer Smith, commander of the Department of Texas, inspected those posts and ordered that a second line of forts be established farther west. The forts of that line – Belknap, Chadbourne, Clark, Mason, McKavett, Phantom Hill, and Terrett – were established between June 24, 1851, and November 18, 1852, along the trails through Texas.</p><br>
<h3>First occupation by the US Army, 1852–59</h3><br>
<p>On November 16, 1851, General Smith ordered the 8th Infantry Regiment to establish a post on the San Saba, near the San Antonio–El Paso Road. The unit arrived on March 14, 1852, and encamped next to a pond until it grew stagnant in May. The camp was then moved 2 mi downriver, onto a high bluff on the south bank of the river, two miles from its source. As the camp was 50 mi west of Fort Mason, it was first known as the "Camp near Fort Mason", then as "Camp San Saba". In October 1852, the camp was named Camp McKavett, after an officer of the 8th Infantry who had died in the Battle of Monterrey in 1846, and retained that name when the post was designated a fort in 1853. In 1855, the US Army signed a 20-year lease of the land the fort occupied – at that time 640 acre – for $600 ($, adjusted for inflation) a year from M. A. Dooley.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the post began after the lease was signed and saw rapid progress, as though there were no local civilian professionals to assist construction, there was a local abundance of usable stone and timber. By the end of the forts first year of operation, it had five barracks, a hospital, and several kitchens that doubled as temporary officers housing. Most of these buildings were wood and earth constructions, but by 1856, the fort had 21 stone buildings. The materials used for the construction, reconstruction, and expansion of the fort during its military operation were mostly sourced locally. Limestone was quarried from at least three sites in the vicinity of the fort. For its first year of existence, none of the completed buildings at the fort had any floors, doors, or glass windows, and materials for these things had to be brought from Fredericksburg, 100 mi away.</p><br>
<p>The 8th Infantry was replaced at Fort McKavett on January 26, 1854, by the 2nd Dragoons Regiment. On August 15, 1855, the 2nd Dragoons were themselves replaced at McKavett by the 1st Infantry Regiment, and then on March 22, 1859, the US Army ordered the fort to be abandoned. Fort McKavett was at that time in a remote location, which complicated supply and communications, despite its being connected by road to San Antonio by April 1853. In addition, the garrisons of Fort McKavett and of the Texas forts generally, composed mostly of infantry, had been unable to arrest the raiding of the horse-riding indigenous peoples.</p><br>
<h3>Use by Confederate Texas, 1861–65</h3><br>
<p>Over the first two months of 1861, Texas decided to secede from the United States, and on 4 February demanded the surrender of all Federal garrisons and property in Texas. Brevet Major General David E. Twiggs, commander of the Department of Texas since 1857, complied on February 18, 1861, with an order for all Federal troops in Texas to evacuate the state. In March 1861, the Confederate government placed the defense of Texas&#39;s frontier upon career soldier Benjamin McCulloch, who passed the task onto his brother, Henry. The latter assembled a force of ten companies and garrisoned them in the abandoned US Army forts, establishing a line 400 mi long. After a relative calm on the frontier from 1861, Confederate forces were unable to defend the Texas frontier and throughout the American Civil War white settlement receded to the east. In November 1863, all Confederate troops on the frontier were sent east to fight the United States, which left civilian militias as the only defense for Texan settlements.</p><br>
<h3>Second occupation by the US Army, 1868–83</h3><br>
<p>Following the surrender of Confederate Texas on June 2, 1865, and the return of the US Army to Texas on June 19, 1865, frontier settlers made numerous petitions for protection from the US Army. These requests went unanswered until November 1866, when Federal forces began returning to the frontier. In December 1866, the 4th Cavalry Regiment, which arrived in Texas the previous August, was ordered to occupy the pre-war Forts Clark, Inge, Mason, and McKavett, and Camp Verde.</p><br>
<p>On April 1, 1868, the 4th Cavalrys A Company, led by Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Eugene B. Beaumont, arrived at Fort McKavett. They were joined later in the month by Company F of the 4th Cavalry and Companies D, E, and I of the 38th Colored Infantry Regiment. With the exception of the original commanding officers residence, every building on Fort McKavetts grounds had by April 1868 been reduced to ruins, obliging its new garrison to live out of tents and temporary wooden structures. On March 15, 1869, Brevet Major General Ranald S. Mackenzie arrived at Fort McKavett with F and M Companies of the 9th Cavalry Regiment, which replaced the 4th Cavalry companies, to take command of the 38th Infantry. The 9th Cavalry and 38th Infantry, which became the 24th Infantry Regiment when it merged with the 41st Infantry Regiment on November 1, 1869, were two of the four post-war all-black "Buffalo Soldier" regiments of the US Army. The 41st Infantry was replaced at Fort McKavett by the 29th Infantry Regiment in 1870. The following year, they were relieved by the 24th Infantry Regiment, which remained at Fort McKavett until being replaced by the 10th Infantry Regiment in 1873. They were relieved by 22nd Infantry Regiment in 1879. From 1869 to 1871, the garrison rebuilt Fort McKavetts permanent structures and began regular patrols to locate and/or pursue raiding indigenous peoples, but rarely encountered any belligerents.</p><br>
<p>In October 1870, Mackenzie departed Fort McKavett for an assignment in Washington, D.C., leaving Lieutenant Colonel William Rufus Shafter in command of the fort. Mackenzie would not return to Fort McKavett, as on February 25, 1871, he was assigned to command the 4th Cavalry. In May 1871, William Tecumseh Sherman, Commanding General of the United States Army from 1869, inspected the Texas frontier and its garrisons, including Fort McKavett. Near the end of that tour, Sherman narrowly missed being killed by a party of Kiowa and subsequently issued orders for more aggressive measures against the Plains Nations. Mackenzie immediately began campaigns to drive the South Plains Nations from the Texas Panhandle and Llano Estacado, for which he summoned troops from the frontier forts. By mid-1875, the Comanche, Kiowa, and southern Cheyenne peoples, who had been defeated in the Red River War of 1874–75, were moved fully onto reservations. Fort McKavett&#39;s garrison participated in the conflict and subsequent expeditions to keep the Panhandle open to white settlement, but by 1878, with the defeat of the Lipan Apache people of far-west Texas, the fort lost its strategic importance, and the 10th Cavalry were withdrawn from the fort. In 1880, the US Army once more decided to close Fort McKavett, and on June 30, 1883, it was closed and abandoned by the 16th Infantry Regiment, who had arrived at the fort in 1881.</p><br>
<h2>Relationship with Fort McKavett, Texas</h2><br>
<p>Shortly after the establishment of Fort McKavett in the 1850s, a town was established 1 mile to its north. Its name was to be Lehnesburg, after a German merchant, but came to be known as Scabtown. When the fort was abandoned in 1859, most of Scabtowns residents left and those that remained, such as the Robinson family, who owned the land the fort stood on, moved into the forts buildings. The return of the US Army to Fort McKavett also meant the return of Scabtown, which was reestablished across the river from the fort as a collection of saloons and brothels catering to the fort&#39;s garrison. That garrison, composed mostly of African American soldiers, faced sometimes violent discrimination from local whites, whom the soldiers were charged with policing during Reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>When Fort McKavett was permanently closed in 1883, it was once again occupied by civilians. The fort&#39;s buildings were converted into residences and businesses, which found stability by catering to the needs of local cattle and sheep ranchers, and the civilian populace abandoned the name Scabtown for that of the fort. Fort McKavett, Texas, began a slow growth until it reached a peak of 150 residents in the late 1920s. Thereafter it began to decline until 2000, when only 15 people resided in Fort McKavett.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Restoration of the fort began in 1967 with the purchasing of several of its buildings by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, which established the Fort McKavett State Historic Site. Archaeological digs were carried out on the site in June and July 1969 to locate lost features of the fort, the restoration of which continued for the rest the 20th century; by 1990, 17 buildings had been restored. Fort McKavett was nominated for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places on June 18, 1969, and was included on July 14, 1971. On January 1, 2008, Fort McKavett was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Historical Commission. As of October 1, 2016, the Fort McKavett State Historic Site covers 82 acre.</p><br>
<p>The fort received three Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks: In 1936, marker number 4795 for the site of Fort McKavett; in 1963, marker number 1998 for Fort McKavett C. S. A. and in 1968, marker number 4642 for the Sentry Building.</p><br>
<p>Bastrop State Park is a state park in Bastrop County, Texas, United States. The park was established in 1933 and consists of stands of loblolly pines mixed with post oak and junipers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-foundation and construction</h3><br>
<p>The Spanish travel route known as El Camino Real traversed through the area and aided in the early colonization of Texas in the 1700s. The city of Bastrop, Texas, established in 1832, depended on the natural resources of the area for regional growth; Bastrops timber harvest from pines fueled construction in Austin, San Antonio, and northern Mexico. Long before the parks construction began, citizens of Bastrop and Smithville recognized that the land was worth preserving and kept it as an informal recreational area supervised by a local hunting and fishing organization. The land had also served unsuccessfully as a private resort area.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1930s, during the peak of the Great Depression, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt created a public works organization known as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to put young men to work and preserve the country&#39;s natural resources, create public recreational areas, and boost the economy.</p><br>
<p>Companies 1805 and 1811 of the CCC built many of the park facilities between 1933 and 1939 using native stone to blend with the landscape. By using the location&#39;s natural materials, the CCC was also able to keep construction costs down and reduced the need for importing materials from other areas.</p><br>
<p>Among the CCCs main duties in the early phases of the state parks construction was seeding, transplanting, and clearing tangles of brush and fallen timber. They also constructed twelve stone and timber cabins, several utility buildings, a lake, and several landscaping structures. Both CCC companies stayed at the park until 1939 before moving to other state parks to continue their preservation efforts. Two other Depression-era groups, the National Youth Administration (NYA) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), helped improve Bastrop State Parks facilities. The NYA built and used a maintenance building to construct furniture for the CCC to use for several Texas state parks, including Bastrops. Moreover, the WPA built a swimming pool and the original nine-hole golf course in two separate projects with the supervision of the TPWD. In land, labor, and material, Bastrop State Park cost about US$1,500,000 (approximately US$34,247,076 in 2022) once completed.</p><br>
<h3>Inauguration and early years</h3><br>
<p>Once completed and opened to the public, Bastrop State Park received national recognition due to its natural landscapes and architectural displays. It also became the keystone of Bastrops economy during its early days as many park attendees also visited Bastrop while visiting Bastrop State Park. It also served as a major recreation area for nearby residents and organizations. In 1936, Bastrop State Park was invited to the Texas Centennial Exposition at The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin) campus to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Texass independence from Mexico. Park architect Fehr, construction foreman J. R. Pfeiffer, and superintendent A. R. Henry attended the event and participated in a botanical exhibition, where they delivered a large red cedar tree of 20 in in diameter to the university. The tree was received by Dr. G. W. Goldsmith, who supervised the botanical exhibition. Bastrop State Park confirmed that the tree was a gift to the university. By 1937, Bastrop State Park&#39;s visitor attendance was high; it average close to 3,000 visitors a week during the summer months, according to park entrance figures provided by the CCC. Registry records show that visitors from 16 US states and from 69 Texas counties visited the park, in addition to those in the Bastrop and surrounding areas.</p><br>
<p>To booster sales, Bastrop State Park partnered with the Bastrop Chamber of Commerce in November 1948 to create custom license plates displaying the park. They launched this initiative to encourage all county drivers to display Bastrop State Park on their vehicles. There plates were available for purchase at the chambers office in downtown Bastrop. In January 1949, funds totaling US$135,795 were approved for Bastrop State Park and three other Texas state parks: Lockhart, Blanco, and Inks Lake. At least $70,080 of it was used in Bastrop to create new buildings, improve the pool and creeks, roads and fences, create playgrounds and foot bridges, as well as other amenities. In addition to the funds received, Bastrop State Park was assessed as the second most-valued state park in Texas in May 1950 with US$502,688 (about US$6,216,018 in 2023) in appraised park equipment. In November, the Fifty-first Texas Legislature approved US$200,000 in funds for six Texas state parks, including Bastrops. The funds were used to create campground sites; the first camp facility was made in Bastrop State Park with surplus buildings from Camp Swift, followed by Bonham, Caddo Lake, Cleburne, Fort Parker, and Lake Corpus Christi.</p><br>
<p>From 5–9 October 1950, Bastrop State Park was the site of the annual National Conference of State Parks. During the sessions, they discussed for better ways to work together and affiliate with other state parks across the US. Several distinguished speakers, including Texas House of Representative speaker Homer L. Leonard, Texan folklorist J. Frank Dobie, and former Governors of Texas Allan Shivers and Pat Morris Neff, were also invited. A. H. Elliot, the Bastrop State Park superintendent, was responsible for the arrangements of the convention. Frank David Quinn, a member of the Texas State Parks Board, was elected president of the National Conference of State Parks during the Bastrop conference.</p><br>
<h3>Modern era</h3><br>
<p>In February 1962, the Texas State Parks Board announced that they were combining management operations of Bastrop State Park and the adjoining Buescher State Park for at least a year. In August, the Texas State Parks Board approved US$630,000 in funding for six state parks, including Bastrops, and proposed a US$4,959,631 biennial budget for the Texas Legislatures consideration. The funding was mostly used for park improvements. Bastrop State Park received US$24,000 for water system improvements.</p><br>
<p>In September 1962, park officials said that attendance at Bastrop State Park was starting to have a notable reduction. They speculated that parks rundown conditions and needed repairs drove visitors to other parks with better conditions. The parks with the highest attendance were those that offered quality, overnight stay options for campers. Bastrop State Parks overnight camping grounds were not up to par with other parks. A factor for this was because Bastrop State Park was not originally built for overnight stay or to accommodate a large influx of campers. When the park was originally made, the intention was to provide picnic facilities, playgrounds, swimming pools, and other recreational areas similar to a city park. As consumer preferences changed in the 1960s, with a higher preference for camping instead of picnicking, attendance dropped at Bastrop State Park. The park later included overnight camping options but remained below par compared to other parks in the US. Moreover, the first overnight camping groups were close to picking areas, which bothered campers who preferred quieter areas and privacy.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, Bastrop State Park was awarded the National Historic Landmark status mostly due to its enduring craftsmanship and landscape work done by the CCC. It was one of the five CCC parks in the US that held this recognition.</p><br>
<p>The State of Texas purchased an additional 1,450 acre in 1979 and another 1,000 acre in 2000 to expand the golf course from 9 to 18 holes. Subsequent land purchases by the state in 2001 brought the park to its current size of 5,926 acre.</p><br>
<p>On May 25, 2015, the earthen dam impounding Bastrop State Park Lake failed after hours of heavy rain in the area. The lake emptied and flooded across Texas State Highway 71. The water moved through a subdivision south of the highway and emptied into the Colorado River.</p><br>
<h2>Features and amenities</h2><br>
<p>Since its creation, Bastrop State Park has been a popular outdoors getaway destination for Texas residents, students from The University of Texas at Austin, and residents of the Greater Austin area. One of the major routes of El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail flows through the state park. Bastrop State Park is west of Buescher State Park, and the two are connected by Park Road 1; the road extends about 13 mi and is suitable for cycling. The park has expanded in size over the years and currently has about 6,600 acre; its sister Buescher State Park has an additional 1,017 acre.</p><br>
<p>The park allows for overnight stay at a campsite or a historic cabin. The campsites range from walk-in tent sites to fully hookup RV sites; their amenities include picnic tables, outdoor grills, fire rings, water hookups, tent pads, and/or amp electric hookups. There are at least fifteen historic cabins with multiple floor plans. Their amenities include central A/C and heating, private restrooms equipped with toilets and showers, indoor fireplaces, and electronics such as microwaves, stoves, refrigerators, in addition to other outdoor amenities available in campsites.</p><br>
<p>Bastrop State Park has a swimming pool that is open seasonally. Guests can use the lap swim or open swim pools, and both of them are available for reservation in specific slots throughout the morning and afternoons. The daily fees vary depending on the age and/or membership access. The pool is equipped with a diver tower, diving boards, and wading pools on both ends. There is a bathhouse at one of the ends of the pool and lockers for pool guests. The pools construction started in December 1935 and was estimated to cost US$35,000 (about $728,214 in 2022). It was constructed along with a water filtering plant that cleaned the pools water every eight to ten hours. During the 1940s, the pool was one of the few, oval-shaped pools in Texas.</p><br>
<h3>Golf course</h3><br>
<p>Bastrop State Park was one of the few state parks in the Texas to have a golf course, and the only one to have up to 18 holes. In the 1930s, the CCC designed and built the golf course along with the WPA and the Bastrop Golf Club. Named the Lost Pines Golf Course, it was originally built as a nine-hole course. It was expanded to an 18-hole course in 1995. The golf course occupied 137 acre of the park and operated successfully for over 70 years. However, after the 2011 wildfires, golfer attendance greatly reduced and revenues decreased by at least thirty-five percent. The courses main water pump broke in October 2014, delaying the seedings of the courses greens and decreasing revenue even more.</p><br>
<p>In January 2015,</p><br>
<p>The golf courses closure was not favorably received by some Bastrop residents, who said that the course was an amenity that attracted visitors and added to the parks beauty. For decades, the golf course operated as a leased concession; the TPWD tried twice to search for new operators but were unsuccessful in closing a contract and were forced to close the golf course. Two years prior, the golf courses maintenance worsen as it began to get overgrown by weeds and grass. Required repairs to the golf courses irrigation system and the high costs to protect the endangered Houston toad hindered the courses viability. Other factors like droughts, wildfires, and flood damaged also worsened the parks condition and furthered the park&#39;s decision to close the golf course permanently.</p><br>
<p>According to a survey from the TPWD, fifty-seven percent of respondents in 2015 said that they favored the parks project to close the golf course and implement the new additions. Additionally, a vast majority of Bastrop residents, roughly around ninety percent, said in a parks study that year that they were interested in more trails and outdoor programs. These responses were factors in the TPWDs decision to move forward with closing the golf course and pushing for a "tribute green" program to educate future generations on the role that Lost Pines Golf Course played in Bastrop State Park&#39;s history. "We have to look past the golf course at this time," principal planner Matt Fougerat said in 2015. "We can’t go back."</p><br>
<p>TPWD estimated that this project would cost between US$4.2 and US$5 million to complete. Bastrop State Park funds were not enough to cover the estimations, and park authorities said that the money would have to be approved and funded by the Texas Legislature, which approves fundings for parks every two years. The money, however, is not guaranteed, and park planners said that it could be close to a decade before the funding is approved for this project in Bastrop State Park. In 2014, state officials cut TPWD funding by US$36 million. Considering that the TPWD had a backlog of US$800 million in repairs when Bastrop State Park submitted the proposal, this considerably delayed the golf course renovation.</p><br>
<h3>Trails</h3><br>
<p>There are up to 16.1 mi of trails at Bastrop State Park; all are open to hiking and some are open for cycling. The trails vary in difficulty because some of the trails on the northern part of the park are not accessible friendly and are considered challenging for hikers of all experience levels due to its slopes and curves. Visitors are allowed to bring pets on trails but are required to be on a leash to their safety and to protect wildlife. The park also hosts an annual competition called the Wildflower Trail Run, with distances ranging from 5 km all the way up to a 50 km ultramarathon. Below are the trails displayed on the official Bastrop State Park trails map:</p><br>
<p>Piney Hill Spur is a 0.25 mi trail that connects a campground to a former stone water fountain built by the CCC, one of the park&#39;s nine points of interest (POI). Halfway through the trail are exposed Carrizo sandstone, a natural material from the area that was used by the CCC to create several park structures. There is a 60 ft change in elevation and an 8.1% grade. The trail is described as moderate in difficulty, and hikers on average take 5 minutes to complete it.</p><br>
<p>Pine Warbler Trail is a 0.29 mi trail close to a playground that connects to two other trails, Post Oak Spur and Scenic Overlook. It passes over Copperas Creek, where park authorities recommend hikers to observe animal tracks on the sand. The trail is named after a pine warbler, a bird seen in Bastrop State Park throughout the entire year. There is a 85 ft change in elevation and a 7.5% grade. The trail is described as moderate in difficulty, and hikers on average take 10 minutes to complete it.</p><br>
<p>Post Oak Spur is a 0.46 mi trail that starts at the intersection point of Scenic Overlook Pine Warbler trails, near the stone water foundation POI, and leads to a parking lot on Park Road 1A. The trail was named after a quercus stellata (post oak), a tree commonly seen throughout the park that increases in abundance further east. There is a 70 ft change in elevation and a 5.7% grade. The trail is described as moderate in difficulty, and hikers on average take 15 minutes to complete it.</p><br>
<p>Farkleberry Spur is a 0.36 mi trail that connects a campground and parking lot area to a POI that serves as a controlled burn area. This POI connects to Scenic Overlook trail through a bridge that crosses Copperas Creek. The trail is named after a vaccinium arboreum (farkleberry), a widespread, native berry that is a source of food for squirrels, rabbits, and birds, at the park. Park authorities recommend hikers to observe birds in this trail, especially those active in the mornings. There is a 95 ft change in elevation and an 8% grade. The trail is described as moderate in difficulty, and hikers on average take 10 minutes to complete it.</p><br>
<p>Lake Spur Trail is a 0.21 mi trail that connects Scenic Overlook Trail to Bastrop State Park Lake. It is intended to connect several campgrounds from other trails and lead hikers to the lake. There is a 15 ft change in elevation and a 1.6% grade. The trail is described as moderate in difficulty, and hikers on average take 10 minutes to complete it.</p><br>
<p>Tree Army Trails is a 4.5 mi web of bike and hike mini trails found near the parks main entrance. The trails surround the parks headquarters and Lake Mina, and end near a former golf course. The trail is named after Roosevelts Tree Army, a nickname of the CCC. This trail is surrounded by loblolly pines and is intended to showcase the parks scenic views. The northern parts of the trail may be challenging for all trail users due to its slopes and curves. The southern part of this trail leads to Lake Mina, and are accessible with wheelchairs and strollers.</p><br>
<p>Scenic Overlook Trail is a 1.7 mi trail that leads to a high point where there is a former CCC water tower and picnic area, another of the park&#39;s POIs. This trail connects with all other trails expect with Tree Army Trails, and serves to showcase scenic views of Lost Pines landscape. There is a 140 ft change in elevation and an 6.1% grade. The trail is described as moderate in difficulty, and hikers on average take 40 minutes to complete it.</p><br>
<p>Lost Pines Loop is an 8.2 mi trail that circles most of the park. It is the longest and most challenging trail, and has a diverse landscape of steep hills and gradual descents. Park authorities recommend using a road called Harmon Road and a power line as landmarks if hikers wish to return to their starting point. There is a 165 ft change in elevation and an 8% grade. The trail is described as challenging in difficulty, and hikers on average take 5 hours to complete it.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Bastrop State Park hosts a wide variety of plants and animals not commonly seen in other areas of Central Texas. The park is in the heart of the Lost Pines, an ecological area of over 75,000 acre of loblolly pines. This pine woodland is isolated from the main body of East Texas Piney Wood ecoregion by about 100 mi, hence its name. Portions of the Lost Pines are located in Bastrop and Buescher State Parks. In addition, the park is part of the Post Oak Savannah, an ecological region of 8,500,000 acre of hilly lands that includes scattered oaks, mainly post oaks and blackjack oak. Most of this ecoregion is somewhat arid due to its clay soil, but the area in Bastrop is an exception. The Carrizo sand found in Bastrop provides fertile harbor for loblolly pine, post oak, and blackjack oak.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, Bastrop State Park officials worked with UT Austin to help them classify about 500 plant specimens. A collection was made to also study the various types of insects at the park and include them in the park&#39;s herbarium. Park officials said they started this initiative so that they would have all plants classified. More than 200 species of birds have been spotted in Bastrop State Park. Among the most common is the pileated woodpecker, the largest of all woodpecker species. The pine warbler, barred owl, yellow-throated vireo, northern parula, black-and-white warbler, and the red-shouldered hawk live in the park year-around. In the winter season, other bird species can be found as well, including the red-breasted nuthatch, solitary vireo, golden-crowned kinglet, purple finch, and the hermit thrush. There are also over 280 insects, millipedes, centipedes, spiders, scorpions, mollusks, and worms species recorded in Bastrop State Park and the surrounding Lost Pines region. Some of the species found in Bastrop State Park were first discovered there by biologists.</p><br>
<p>The seasonally moist sandy soil in Bastrop State Park and the entire Lost Pines provide a critical habitat for the endangered Houston toad. The Houston toad was designated as an endangered species in 1970. Loss of habitat, mostly due to urbanization, has caused a large decline in its population. Bastrop State Park is home to the largest mating group of Houston toads on public land. Areas of the park are closed to the public during the toad&#39;s mating season in February, March, and April. The park also has white-tailed deer, rabbits, squirrels, Virginia opossums, and nine-banded armadillos. Northern cardinals are one of the species of birds found in the park.</p><br>
<p>In the forested areas, numerous species of fungi may be found, such as Pycnoporus cinnabarinus.</p><br>
<p>Bastrop State Park is located on Mount Selman geological formation, making a lot of its soil have a dark red and yellow composition.</p><br>
<h2>Wildfires</h2><br>
<p>Several fires of varying intensities have occurred at Bastrop State Park and its surrounding areas since it was opened.</p><br>
<p>In August 1940, a fire was recorded in Bastrop State Park. It destroyed the CCC&#39;s original furniture shop and a mill. A local newspaper claimed that this shop was where all the furniture from Texas state parks was made. No injures or deaths were reported, and the losses were estimated to be around US$40,000 (about US$848,022 in 2022). The fire was discovered by park rangers on an evening check, and it gained much headway as hours progressed. Volunteers from the Bastrop and Smithville Fire Department helped put out the fire. In March 1942, a low-intensity fire was recorded at the park. Firefighters took three days to put out the fire, but they reported that there was no serious damage to the forest.</p><br>
<p>On 17 November 1950, a grassland fire at Bastrop State Park and a neighboring private property lasted for about a week and was contained by November 26. A park employee explained that fire fighters were not able to contain the fire for days because new fires were reported as the old ones were put out. Most of the damage took place on the parks eastern part where vegetation and fence posts were destroyed. However, most of the east sides timber was not seriously damaged. Officials said that the fire was likely caused by cigarettes left by hunters who were at Bastrop State Park for the deer hunting season, which had opened for the first time in several years.</p><br>
<p>In early 1954, a fire was reported on the eastern edge of Bastrop State Park, damaging about 2,000 acre of forest. Later that year on 19 July 1954, another fire broke out at a pasture-searing furnace near the same location. Approximately thirty landowners, volunteers, and park employees helped in firefighting efforts. One of them used a bulldozer to cut through the fire line to prevent it from spreading to other areas. However, the record-high temperatures of the summer and shifting wind currents prolonged the fire for over a week, causing the flames to spread out of control. The fire was first reported near a 500 ft right-of-way passage that connects Bastrop State Park with Buescher State Park. Up to 6,000 acre of forest were burned; this included several private properties owned by Bastrop residents and businesses.</p><br>
<p>On 30 October 1955, another fire was reported in Bastrop State Park. One park employee said that the fire was more "helpful than hurtful" because it ended up inadvertently burning a bushy area without damaging park structures, but other park officials disagreed on the extent of the damage.</p><br>
<p>On 5 April 1958, a fire was recorded at Bastrop State Park and threatened 12 cabins occupied by 15 people. The fire, fanned by northwest winds, spread through two cabin areas. The fire was first reported late in the morning and by nightfall had burned more than 800 acre of heavy pine woods. Road machinery was used to cut lanes in the brush to halt the spread of flames. About 100 volunteers assisted in the firefight. A minor league baseball team from Topeka, Kansas, was at the park for their spring training and volunteered to help, but park officials confirmed they were not needed. The Texas Department of Public Safety, Bastrop fire fighters, and highway patrol units joined the firefighting efforts that evening. The fire was reportedly caused by a park visitor who went out to the woods to make a camp fire. After making the fire, the man put dirt on it, covered it in rocks, and thought it was out. However, some of the fire was not extinguished and spread quickly with the pine needles and the 25 km winds. The fire nearly died down twenty-four hours later, but rekindled after a north brisk was reported the next morning. According to Marbury, about 1,400 acre were partially effected by the fire.</p><br>
<p>In September 2011, 96% of the park was burned by the Bastrop County Complex fire. Only around 100 acres were saved. Most CCC structures were saved, but were still threatened. The park was closed on September 4 due to the fire and did not reopen until December 2. In 2012, a campaign was begun to restore the forest within 30 years by replacing 4 million burned trees.</p><br>
<p>The F.E. Company Dredge No. 4, also known as the Pedro Dredge and the Chicken Dredge, was originally owned by the Fairbanks Exploration Company , a subsidiary of the United States Smelting Refining & Mining Co. . It was built by the Yuba Manufacturing Company in California, and was shipped to Pedro Creek north of Fairbanks, Alaska in 1938. It was assembled there, and operated until 1958.</p><br>
<p>The following year it was disassembled, trucked to Chicken, Alaska and reassembled. The dredge commenced operations on lower Chicken Creek in September and worked for approximately five months every year thereafter until October 1967, when it produced its final cleanup.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the 500 ton dredge was moved overland to its current location at the Chicken Gold Camp.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the dredge was added to the National Register of Historic Places and was opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Los Angeles Theatre is a 2,000-seat historic movie palace at 615 S. Broadway in the Jewelry District and Broadway Theater District in the historic core of Downtown Los Angeles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This Los Angeles Theatre was constructed in late 1930 and early 1931. It was commissioned by H.L. Gumbiner, an independent film exhibitor from Chicago, who also built the nearby Tower Theatre. Designed by S. Charles Lee, and Samuel Tilden Norton, the theater features a French Baroque interior. With its grand central staircase and gold brocade drapes, it has for many years been considered to be among the city&#39;s most lavish landmarks. The opulent interior is said to have been modeled after the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles. A crystal fountain stands at the top of the grand staircase, a restaurant and a ballroom were on the lower level.</p><br>
<p>The theatre was built in less than six months. In August 1930 there was only an excavated hole in the ground, and in January 1931 the theatre had its grand opening. Lee speeded construction by having the plaster ornamentation fabricated off-site and then brought to the building and fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. Most other theatres of the day had their decorative plaster molded and finished in place, with artisans working on scaffolding</p><br>
<p>It was the last such movie palace built on Broadway, as the area began to feel the effects of the Depression and faced competition from Hollywood Blvd. as the "Great White Way of the West". Attendance was strong through World War II, when many factory workers would see shows before and after their shifts. With the postwar suburbanization of Los Angeles, attendance declined throughout the later decades of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>After closing its doors to the public in 1994, the Los Angeles has sat vacant for many years, although it can be rented as a venue for special events. The theater is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Los Angeles is used most often today as a location for filming, and is frequently seen in commercials, television shows, and feature films. It has been featured in Funny Lady (1975); New York, New York (1977); Gattaca (1997); Man on the Moon (1999); Charlies Angels (2000) and its sequel, Charlies Angels: Full Throttle (2003); The Lords of Salem (2012); the AMC series Mad Men; among many other films. The theatre was used in the back drop on the set of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, and seen in the music video for "Spiderwebs" by No Doubt, "Heartbreaker" by Mariah Carey (1999), "Jaded" by Aerosmith (2000), "Shake It" by Metro Station (2008), "Moves Like Jagger" by Maroon 5 and Christina Aguilera (2011), "Safe and Sound" by Capital Cities" (2013), "Delicate" by Taylor Swift (2018), "Black Swan" by BTS (2020), "2U" by Kang Daniel (2020), "Ghost Story" by Carrie Underwood (2022) and "Middle of the Night" by Elley Duhé (2022). In 2004, the theatre housed the multi layered theatre production "Alma" (about Alma Mahler-Werfel) by Joshua Sobol, directed by Paulus Manker.</p><br>
<p>The theatre&#39;s façade and marquee design was used as the inspiration for that of the Hyperion Theater at Disney California Adventure in Anaheim.</p><br>
<p>The Central Park West Historic District is located along Central Park West, between 61st and 97th Streets, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, United States. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1982. The district encompasses a portion of the Upper West Side-Central Park West Historic District as designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and contains a number of prominent New York City designated landmarks, including the Dakota, a National Historic Landmark. The buildings date from the late 19th century to the early 1940s and exhibit a variety of architectural styles. The majority of the district&#39;s buildings are of neo-Italian Renaissance style, but Art Deco is a popular theme as well.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The buildings that are part of the historic district were mostly developed in the 1880s through 1930s, following the construction of Central Park. This was further spurred by the construction of the Ninth Avenue Elevated, which provided easy access to Lower Manhattan. Tenements and row houses lined Amsterdam and Columbus Avenues (formerly Tenth and Ninth Avenues, respectively), while more upscale luxury buildings were built on Central Park West (formerly Eighth Avenue). Generally, the further away a lot was from Columbus Avenue and its elevated railway, the more upscale the house was likely to become. By the early 20th century, the row houses were destroyed to make way for apartment buildings. The construction of the New York City Subway&#39;s Eighth Avenue Line in the 1920s accelerated this process of redevelopment.</p><br>
<p>The Central Park West Historic District was federally recognized on November 9, 1982, when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It had been designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) in 1973. The LPC designation covered a T-shaped area, which included one block of West 76th Street, two adjacent blocks of Central Park West and a short stretch of West 77th Street, as the Central Park West–76th Street Historic District. The local designation and boundaries persisted well past the 1982 National Register listing.</p><br>
<p>In 1990 the LPC formally extended the local boundaries of the Central Park West–76th Street Historic District to include almost all of the area included in the boundaries of the federal historic district. The much larger Upper West Side-Central Park West Historic District includes the area from 96th Street to 62nd Street and Central Park West to Amsterdam Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>The Central Park West Historic District is a linear historic district including the stretch of Central Park West from 61st to 97th Streets.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The expanse of Central Park West between 61st and 97th Streets is a mixture of late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural styles. By far the district&#39;s most dominant style is Neo-Renaissance, mostly neo-Italian Renaissance though there are German and Flemish Renaissance influences found in some of the structures. Art Deco, Second Empire, Beaux-Arts and Neoclassical architecture are all found in multiple buildings. Gothic and Romanesque Revival influences can be found combined with other styles in some of the buildings as well as on their own. A few Queen Anne, Art Moderne and Italianate buildings dot the streetscape of Central Park West.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>Of the buildings within the boundaries of the historic district only one was considered a non-contributing property to the historic character of the district when it was nominated to the National Register: the building located at 80 Central Park West, a 1965 modern building. The area within the district is home to nearly 40 high-quality, luxury apartment highrises. Sprinkled within the residential buildings are four Christian churches, one synagogue, several smaller-scale, multi-family houses, the New York Society for Ethical Culture, the New York Historical Society and the American Museum of Natural History.</p><br>
<h3>Contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>These properties are contributing properties to the Central Park West Historic District. In general this means that they add to the character of the historic district.</p><br>
<h3>Non-contributing properties</h3><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Central Park West Historic District is significant, in regards to the National Register, for its architecture and its character as a cohesive residential area. The district is located along one of the city&#39;s finest residential streets and consists mostly of apartment buildings which are among some of the earliest in New York.</p><br>
<p>With the 1990 local boundary increase the NYLPC developed the theme that the strength of the historic district lay in its diversity. The Commission called the buildings in the district brashly "commercial" and "stylistically diverse." The Commission went on to stress the importance of the district&#39;s special skyline that challenged the whole of the New York skyline. "The stylistically diverse buildings of Central Park West create a streetscape and a skyline which is exuberant and varied as to scale, height and form", the Commission stated.</p><br>
<p>The Colonsay Plantation  was one of the very earliest tracts of land to be granted in the Ceded Lands, while the Province of Georgia still belonged to the British Crown. It was named after the Scottish island Colonsay.</p><br>
<p>James Mendenhall, born November 26, 1718, in East Caln, Chester County, Pennsylvania, settled near what is now Jamestown, North Carolina, in 1762 and built a mill on the Deep River at a location that is now within City Lake Park. His original land is now under the water of High Point Lake in Guilford County. His mill was just 8 mi from the site of the Battle of Guilford Court House. British troops camped at his mill on March 14, 1781, the day before battle.</p><br>
<p>Due to the persecutions of Governor Tyrone, Mendenhall and his family were forced to move again. He bought 600 acre near Wrightsboro, Georgia on December 7, 1773, when a warrant of survey was granted to him by Governor James Wright. The land was located in the fork of Williams Creek and the Little River, in the extreme northeast corner of what was then Wilkes County. Mendenhall went to Wrightsboro with two of his sons, Phineas and Marmaduke.</p><br>
<p>He was unable to take possession of his grant on Williams Creek because he died shortly after his arrival. He died in the cabin 1782 in Wrightsboro that he had built there and was buried on his land. This land is now in Taliaferro County.</p><br>
<p>On July 27, 1784, Marmaduke inherited a tract of 600 acre from his father. It was almost square. Starting with the junction of Williams Creek with the Little River, the line followed the river northwardly for about a mile. Turning, it ran a mile straight westward, then a mile, with only a slight dog-leg, southward to join Williams Creek, whose course it followed for another mile until it reached its starting point at the fork of the two streams.</p><br>
<p>In 1789–1790, Marmaduke built a substantial house which apparently was designed as an inn, trading post and stage coach stop on the road from Washington to Wrightsboro. It had two stories and consisted of two large rooms 20 × 20 feet, one over the other. The inside chimney was flanked on one side by a cupboard and on the other by a narrow winding staircase. This staircase was peculiar in that at a height of eight feet it made a complete semicircle. Another circular staircase directly above this led into the loft. The roof sloped down directly over the staircase so that one had to crawl in order to enter the loft. The open beams were all hand-hewn, and all joints were mortised and tenoned and secured with wooden pegs. Both rooms were paneled with wide boards of virgin pine, dark brown and mellowed with the passing years. The house is still standing and occupied. It is owned by Ian Mcfie. Before Ian McFie, the home and 540 of the original 600 acre were owned by his father Girdwood Mcfie. Girdwood maintained the farm animals in exactly the same numbers as listed in the inventory of Marmaduke&#39;s estate in 1797.</p><br>
<p>Rockcliffe Mansion is located in Hannibal, Missouri  and was built in 1898 by John J. Cruikshank, Jr, a descendant of Scottish immigrants, whose fortune was founded on lumber. He erected the residence on West Bird Street. It came to be acknowledged as the most imposing, beautiful and costly residential structure in that part of the state of Missouri. "By reason of its location on a high, rocky eminence, overlooking the entire city, it termed Rock Cliff, and is one of the many attractions of the city invariably viewed by strangers and tourists visiting Hannibal." It is located in the Maple Avenue Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>Rockcliffe is a massive 13,500 ft&sup2; Colonial Revival/Georgian Style residence, "with large columns and porches almost circling the building," built of double-brick wall construction, and designed by the St. Louis firm of Barnett, Haynes & Barnett, the firm which also planned "the Governor&#39;s Mansion in Jefferson City, the St. Louis Cathedral, and other fine buildings."</p><br>
<p>"The staid exterior featuring a monumental double-height portico with Corinthian columns gives no hint of the richness within - an interior embellished with exotic woods, South African pink marble, and Tiffany glass. The owners business connection in lumber and construction presumably helped control building costs, which are nevertheless reported to have been $125,000. A St. Louis newspaper cited it as the finest residence in the state soon after moved into the house in 1900. When the family moved out in 1924 after Cruikshanks death, no one else ever moved in; the house sat empty for 43 years, except for a caretaker family who lived there for a number of years.</p><br>
<p>Arranged around the central hall are grand public rooms meant for entertaining. To one side is the Reception Room, with gilded wallpaper, quarter-sawn oak paneling, and Tiffany fixtures, furnished with a lemonwood sideboard and olivewood reception table commissioned in Florence. The pink and green Music Room is anchored at each end by a grand piano; the Green Room reflects the sensibilities of Mrs. Cruikshank in its gold leaf and garlands, lace and velvet drapes, and white onyx fireplace. Friend and writer Mark Twain addressed 300 guests and Hannibal citizens from the double staircase the second floor during his visit in 1902. The Moorish Room provides the de rigueur eclecticism embraced by the period."</p><br>
<p>The house has 125 windows and 10 fireplaces. Cruikshank prided himself on the structural and decorative use of wood on the property, and employed mahogany, oak, and walnut throughout the house. Greek Revival and Art Nouveau decorative motifs recur in various rooms. "Most of the rooms had individual thermostatic heat control from a central coal burning steam heating plant. The building originally had electric lighting, but auxiliary gas lights were installed. Rock walls were constructed as part of the landscaping of the property."</p><br>
<p>Rockcliffe Mansion is located at 1000 West Bird Street.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership change</h2><br>
<p>Following the death of J. J. Cruikshank Jr. in 1924, the mansion was unoccupied for the next 43 years. During the house&#39;s four-decade vacancy it had settled less than half of an inch.</p><br>
<p>Rockcliffe was purchased by private individuals in 1967 who initially intended to have the structure razed. However, with the help of heirs to the Cruikshank family, the interior was able to be restored. A Cruikshank daughter returned some of the original furnishings, linens, and lace to the property, which she had carefully stored for decades.</p><br>
<p>Rockcliffe is in the National Register of Historic Places and is open to the public for tours and special events. Rockcliffe still boasts its original furniture, wall coverings, lighting fixtures, bathroom fixtures, books, clothing, and personal artifacts of the Cruikshank family. Ongoing work is aimed at restoring the mansion to its original turn-of-the-century state.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is open for guided tours daily. Bed and Breakfast accommodations are also available.</p><br>
<p>The Clay County Savings Association in Liberty, Missouri, was robbed on February 13, 1866, making it one of the earliest documented daylight bank robberies. The robbers escaped with at least $60,000 and killed a bystander outside. The robbery is believed to have been conducted by a group of former Confederate guerrillas, possibly led by Jesse James or Archie Clement, which became known as the James–Younger Gang.</p><br>
<p>According to accounts of the day:</p><br>
<p>On the afternoon of February 13, 1866, "some ten or twelve persons rode into town" and milled outside the Clay County Savings Association building.</p><br>
<p>Two of the riders entered the bank, which was staffed only by the head cashier, Greenup Bird, and his son, William Bird, who was a bank clerk.</p><br>
<p>After asking to change a $10 bill, the men drew revolvers and demanded money.</p><br>
<p>William loaded the robbers&#39; feed sack with gold, currency, bonds, and tax stamps.</p><br>
<p>The two Birds were herded into the bank&#39;s vault, and the robbers left the building.</p><br>
<p>As the robbers mounted to ride away, shots were fired. Accounts differ: problems with mounting a horse caused a "commotion" during which someone opened fire, or perhaps one of the gang fired "without any sort of provocation whatever". George "Jolly" Wymore, a 19-year-old student from William Jewell College who was across the street, was killed by a bullet.</p><br>
<p>The gang rode away, pursued after a time by a posse of "outraged" townspeople who "could procure arms and horses".</p><br>
<p>The entire maneuver lasted no more than 15 minutes.</p><br>
<p>In total, the robbers collected at least $60,000. Reportedly they collected government bonds worth $42,000 to $45,000, $518 in tax stamps, gold, silver coins, and banknotes.</p><br>
<p>The bank offered a $5,000 reward for recovery of the money. Attempts to track the robbers were hindered by snow that covered their tracks. Articles in local newspapers implicated both former Confederate bushwackers and Kansas Redlegs of the crime. Later, some townspeople admitted to recognizing some of the robbers but withholding the information out of fear. The robbers were never caught, and no money was ever recovered. The Association eventually settled with creditors for 60 cents on the dollar and closed.</p><br>
<p>The building is located at 104 East Franklin Street, a block northeast of the Clay County Courthouse. It was built in 1859, and is a two-story, Federal style rectangular brick building with a gable roof. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The four Richmond Shipyards, in the city of Richmond, California, United States, were run by Permanente Metals and part of the Kaiser Shipyards. In World War II, Richmond built more ships than any other shipyard, turning out as many as three ships in a single day. The shipyards are part of the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park, whose Rosie the Riveter memorial honors the shipyard workers. Shipyard #3 is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a California Historical Landmark # 1032.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Henry J. Kaiser had been building cargo ships for the USA Maritime Commission in the late 1930s. When he received orders for ships from the British government, already at war with Nazi Germany, Kaiser established his first Richmond shipyard in December 1940. The shipyard legacy continues by virtue of its innovative medical care, which was derived from Kaiser&#39;s earlier California Colorado Aqueduct Project insurance and today called Kaiser Permanente.</p><br>
<p>The four Richmond Kaiser Shipyards built 747 ships in World War II, a rate never equaled. Compared to the average ship built elsewhere, Richmond ships were completed in two-thirds the time and at a quarter of the cost. The Liberty ship was assembled in less than five days as a part of a competition among shipyards. By 1944, the yard routinely needed only a bit more than two weeks to assemble a Liberty ship. By the end of the war the Richmond Shipyards had built $1.8 billion worth of ships.</p><br>
<p>Kaiser and his workers applied mass assembly line techniques to building the ships. This production line technique, bringing pre-made parts together, moving them into place with huge cranes and having them welded together by "Rosies" (actually "Wendy the Welders" here in the shipyards), allowed unskilled laborers to do repetitive jobs requiring relatively little training to accomplish. This sped up construction, allowed more workers to be mobilized, and opened jobs to women and minorities.</p><br>
<p>In the war, thousands of men and women worked in this area in hazardous jobs. Actively recruited by Kaiser, they came from all over the United States to swell the population of Richmond from 20,000 to over 100,000 in three years. For many of them, this was the first time they worked, earned money, and faced the problems of working parents: finding day care and housing.</p><br>
<p>Women and minorities entered the workforce in areas previously denied to them. However, they still faced unequal pay, were shunted off into "auxiliary" unions and still had to deal with prejudice and inequities. In the war, labor strikes and sit-down work stoppages eventually led to better conditions.</p><br>
<p>Many workers commuted from other parts of the Bay Area to the Kaiser Shipyards in Richmond on the Shipyard Railway, a temporary wartime railway whose trains used cars of the local Key System and whose line extended from a depot in Emeryville to a loop serving all four shipyards.</p><br>
<p>The SS Red Oak Victory is docked nearby Kaiser Richmond No. 3 Yard.</p><br>
<h2>Kaiser Richmond shipyards</h2><br>
<p>For World War 2 Kaiser opened four shipyards along the northeast shoreline of San Francisco Bay, each using prefabricated parts to build ships. Prefabricated subcontractors included: Graham Ship Repair Company, Herrick Iron Works, Independent Iron Works, Berkeley&#39;s Trailer Company of America, Steel Tank & Pipe Company, California Steel Products Corporation, Pacific Coast Engineering in Alameda and Clyde W. Wood in Stockton.</p><br>
<h3>Kaiser Richmond No. 1 Yard</h3><br>
<p>Kaiser Richmond No. 1 Yard was a new shipyard built to support the demand for ships for World War 2. Kaiser purchased the contact and the yard to build type Ocean ship from the Todd Shipyards in 1940. Kaiser built yard No. 1 to build the Ocean ships. Yard No. 1 was built on unoccupied land with construction starting in December 1940. In April 1941 the keel for the first British bound Ocean ship was laid. The next series of ships built were Liberty ships, with the first keel laid on May 15, 1942. Needing faster cargo ships the next series of ships built were Victory ships, with the first keel laid on January 17, 1944. After the war, in 1946, the yard closed. Kaiser Richmond No. 1 Yard was at 700 Wright Ave, Richmond on the Parr Canal. The site now has general docks for construction supplies. Located at GPS {{coord|37.920887|N|122.362920|W|}}.</p><br>
<p>Built at Kaiser Richmond No. 1 Yard:</p><br>
<p>* Ocean ship, 30 cargo ships, 7,174 GRT. (sometimes credited to Todd Shipyards Corporation)</p><br>
<p>* Liberty ship, 138 model EC2-S-C1 ships, 7,176 GRT.</p><br>
<p>* Victory ship, 82 Model VC2-S-AP3 ships, 7,612 GRT.</p><br>
<p>Notable ships: , , , and .</p><br>
<h3>Kaiser Richmond No. 2 Yard</h3><br>
<p>Kaiser Richmond No. 2 Yard started as a joint project of Kaiser Permanente Metals Corporation and Todd Shipyards Corporation. Construction of its first Liberty Ship at the site started in September 1941. Permanente Metals was a subcontractor building many of the pre-fabricated parts of the ships. Kaiser purchased Todd&#39;s interest in the yard in 1942 and renamed it Kaiser Richmond No. 2 Yard. The yard started by working 6 keels at a time and at its peak was working on 12 keels a day. Most ships being built in under 30 days. The yard was built starting in 1941 and closed at the end of the war in 1945, no traces of yard No. 2 remain. The yard was at 1923 Esplanade Drive, Richmond. The site is now the north side of the Inner Harbour Basin, in the Richmond Marina Bay, at Marina Bay Park. At the park is the Rosie the Riveter Memorial. GPS site is {{coord|37.915315|N|122.349372|W|}}.</p><br>
<p>Built at Kaiser Richmond No. 2 Yard:</p><br>
<p>* Liberty Cargo ships, 353 model EC2-S-C1</p><br>
<p>* Haskell-class attack transports 21 Model VC2-S-AP5, a type of Victory ship</p><br>
<p>* Victory Cargo ships, 66 Model VC2-S-AP2</p><br>
<p>Notable ships: , , , , , , , , and .</p><br>
<h3>Kaiser Richmond No. 3 Yard</h3><br>
<p>Kaiser Richmond No. 3 Yard opened in 1943 and built Kaiser&#39;s largest ships, the Type C4-class ship, General G. O. Squier-class transport ships. These ships had a 12,420 GRT with a length of 523 feet (159 m). While the yard closed at the end of the war in 1946 the shipyard was not taken apart. The shipyard is still intact and there have been unsuccessful attempts to reopen the yard. Kaiser Richmond No. 3 Yard is at 1040 Canal Boulevard, Richmond at Point Potrero. At 1337 Canal Boulevard Berth 5, Richmond is the SS Red Oak Victory Cargo ship a Museum ship. Kaiser Richmond No. 3 Yard thus became the U.S. National Register of Historic Place and California Historical Landmark. At GPS {{coord|37.9054|N|122.3653|W|}}.</p><br>
<p>Built at Kaiser Richmond No. 3 Yard:</p><br>
<p>* Type C4-class ship cargo ship, 35 model C4-S-A1.</p><br>
<p>Notable ships: and .</p><br>
<h3>Kaiser Richmond No. 4 Yard</h3><br>
<p>Kaiser Richmond No. 4 Yard was planned to be called Richmond #3A Yard, as just an expansion of Richmond #3. But when opened became its own shipyard with separate management. The yard opened in 1943 and closed at the end of the war in 1945. The yard was at 800 Wharf Street Richmond, on the south side of Richmond Inner Harbor Channel&#39;s Santa Fe Channel. The site now is Sugar Dock, a deepwater service port in Point Richmond. At GPS {{coord|37.9203|N|122.37186|W|}}.</p><br>
<p>Built at Kaiser Richmond No. 4 Yard:</p><br>
<p>* Landing Ship, Tank LST model S3-M-K2, built 15 ships: LST 476 to LST 490, 4,877 GRT.</p><br>
<p>* Tacoma-class frigate 12 model S2-S2-AQ1, 7,612 GRT.</p><br>
<p>* Type C1 ship cargo 24 model C1-M-AV1, 3,805 GRT.</p><br>
<p>Notable ships: , , , , and .</p><br>
<p>The Hamilton County Memorial Building, more commonly called Memorial Hall, is located at Elm & Grant Streets, in Cincinnati, Ohio. The building is next to Cincinnati&#39;s Music Hall and across from Washington Park in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood. It was built by the Grand Army of the Republic and Hamilton County in 1908, as a memorial to the military of the city and county. The building was built in the Beaux-Arts style. The building, including the Annie W and Elizabeth M Anderson Theater, is used for over 300 events per year.</p><br>
<p>Constructed according to a design by Samuel Hannaford and Sons, the Memorial Building was intended to commemorate members of all branches of the USA armed services, as well as the pioneers who had established the United States. The hall contains a 556-seat theater that was designed for speaking, but is also used as a venue for concerts, film screenings and theatrical events. The theater&#39;s small size and acoustics allow for words spoken on stage in a normal voice to be easily be understood at the back of the balcony.</p><br>
<p>In late 1978, the Memorial Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying for inclusion both because of its architecture and its history. Its location on Washington Park places it in the historic district that embraces most of Over-the-Rhine, which was added to the Register five years after the Memorial Building was individually added. The hall is home to the American Classical Music Hall of Fame organization.</p><br>
<p>An $11 million renovation to the building was completed in December 2016.</p><br>
<p>Blakeley is a ghost town in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. During the height of its existence, Blakeley was a thriving town which flourished as a competitor to its western neighbor, Mobile. Blakeley was the county seat for Baldwin County from 1820 until 1868, when the county government was moved south to Daphne.</p><br>
<p>It was the location of a major fort during the Civil War. One of the last battles of the Civil War was fought here in April 1865, as Union soldiers overran Confederates. The town is now in an Alabama historic state park known as Historic Blakeley State Park, north of Spanish Fort.</p><br>
<p>Before the town was established and populated by European settlers, Native Americans had lived in the area. A burial mound was found near the site of the town and was excavated. Four skulls, various bones and copper ornaments were found.</p><br>
<p>In 1813, Blakeley was founded by Josiah Blakeley, "an entrepreneur and adventurer from Connecticut" who moved to Mobile in 1806.</p><br>
<p>He purchased of land in the northeastern portion of Mobile Bay. In 1813 he hired a surveyor to lay out the town of Blakeley and sold the first 10 lots. On January 6, 1814, the Mississippi Territorial Legislature authorized Josiah Blakeley to lay out a town to be known as Blakeley. It received official incorporation from the State of Alabama in 1820.</p><br>
<p>After the War of 1812, Jacob Bell and David Brown became successful shipbuilders in Blakeley. They left for New York City in 1820 to found Brown & Bell, a shipyard famous for its clipper ships and steamships.</p><br>
<p>Blakeley had a "deep natural port, which was reachable by ships that could not cross the Dog River bar, a sandbar that sometimes impeded shipping access to Mobile." For some years, Blakeley competed with Mobile to be the top port in what was then the Alabama Territory.</p><br>
<p>A post office operated under the name "Blakeley" from 1826 to 1866.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the ghost town was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Lavinia Stoddard (1787–1820), poet, school founder</p><br>
<p>The Capital City Club is a private social club located in Atlanta, Georgia. Chartered on May 21, 1883, it is one of the oldest private clubs in the South.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to its charter, the purpose of the club is "to promote the pleasure, kind feeling and general culture of its members." Harry C. Stockdell was the club&#39;s first president. He was succeeded in 1884 by Robert J. Lowry; and in 1885 Livingston Mims began the longest term as president, serving, with a two-year interruption, from 1886 through 1906. Subsequent presidents have all served two years or less.</p><br>
<p>The first club house was located at 43 Walton Street. In August 1884, the club moved to a new establishment at 114 Peachtree Street. The Capital City Country Club, located in Brookhaven, was leased in 1913 and purchased in 1915. At that time the golf course was increased from nine to eighteen holes. The present country club building was erected in 1928. In the autumn of 2002 an additional club facility, the Crabapple Golf Club, was completed on 600 acre in Milton, Georgia, which is in the northern portion of Fulton County.</p><br>
<p>Notable individuals, including several presidents of the United States and royalty from other nations, have been guests at the Capital City Club.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The downtown Atlanta Capital City Club was designed by Beaux-Arts-trained architect Donn Barber in "the dignified and rather severe mode that characterizes prestigious New York City clubs such as the Colony Club (McKim, Mead & White, 1906)." Georgian Revival in its textures and motifs, the building was originally four-stories with a fifth floor being added above the dentiled cornice later in its history.</p><br>
<p>Their Capital City Country Club (1928) designed by Burge and Stevens, survives in Historic Brookhaven and "presents a picturesque, rambling, manorial image." "Tall chimneys, the cylindrical stair tower with conical roof", and " obliquely projecting gabled wings" create an "irregular silhouette of French provincial forms".</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Notable members of Capital City Club include:</p><br>
<p>Asa Griggs Candler, Founder of The Coca-Cola Company</p><br>
<p>Robert W. Woodruff, President of The Coca-Cola Company from 1923 until 1954</p><br>
<p>Edwin P. Ansley, Atlanta real estate developer in the early 20th century</p><br>
<p>Charles A. Collier, president of the Cotton States and International Exposition (1895)</p><br>
<p>Joel Hurt, founder of the Trust Company of Georgia</p><br>
<p>Joseph E. Brown, Civil War Governor of Georgia</p><br>
<p>Alexander C. King and Jack Spalding, co-founders of American law firm King & Spalding</p><br>
<p>John C. Portman, Jr., American architect and real estate developer</p><br>
<p>William B. Hartsfield, mayor of Atlanta</p><br>
<p>Alfred W. Jones, developer of Sea Island, Georgia</p><br>
<p>Robert A. Toombs, Secretary of State of the Confederate States of America</p><br>
<p>Henry W. Grady, New South advocate and editor of the Atlanta Constitution</p><br>
<p>Robert Tyre "Bobby" Jones Jr., only winner of the Grand Slam of golf, founder of Augusta National Golf Club and the Masters Tournament</p><br>
<p>Oliver Clyde Fuller, Fuller and Son, Wholesale Grocers during reconstruction Atlanta, GA. Later banker and president of First Wisconsin National Bank, which eventually became USA Bancorp.</p><br>
<p>The Reginald A. Daly House is a historic house located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is a National Historic Landmark, notable for its association with Reginald Aldworth Daly , an eminent geologist, Penrose Medal winner, and Harvard University professor.</p><br>
<p>The house is a two-story wood-frame structure, estimated to have been built in the 1880s or 1890s. The house is styled in a Queen Anne/Shingle style, but is not particularly architecturally distinguished. Its interior had (as of its designation in 1976) not been significantly altered since Dalys death. Reginald Daly was born in Ontario, and was educated at Victoria College (now the University of Toronto). He then engaged in graduate studies at Harvard, earning an MA. and PhD in geology. In 1908 Daly began teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and in 1912 he joined the faculty of Harvard, where he remained for the rest of his life. He purchased this house in 1910. Dalys contributions to the field of geology were wide-ranging: he was one of the first to synthesize a consistent theory of igneous rocks, based on an extensive analysis of a large body of physical evidence. He was also instrumental in bringing physics and chemistry into the study of geology. He was widely recognized by his peers, and received numerous honors, including the first honorary degree granted by his alma mater, Victoria College.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Memorial Hall, immediately north of Harvard Yard on the Harvard University campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is a High Victorian Gothic building honoring Harvard University alumnis sacrifices in defending the Union during the American Civil War"a symbol of Bostons commitment to the Unionist cause and the abolitionist movement in America".</p><br>
<p>Built on a former playing field known as the Delta, the structure was intended to be imposing.</p><br>
<p>It was described by Henry James as having</p><br>
<p>James&#39;s "three divisions" are Sanders Theatre, Annenberg Hall (formerly Alumni Hall or the Great Hall), and Memorial Transept. Beneath Annenberg Hall, Loker Commons offers a number of student facilities.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>Conception and construction</h2><br>
<p>This happy commemorative creation of the Union... the great bristling brick Valhalla of the early "seventies," that house of honor and of hospitality which laurels to the dead and dinners to the living.</p><br>
<p>A huge Victorian Gothic barn.</p><br>
<p>Between 1865 and 1868, an alumni "Committee of Fifty" raised $370,000 (equal to one-twelfth of Harvard&#39;s entire endowment at the time) toward a new building in memory of Harvard men who had fought for the Union in the American Civil War, particularly the 136 deada "Hall of Alumni in which students and graduates might be inspired by the pictured and sculpted presence of her founders, benefactors, faculty, presidents, and most distinguished sons".</p><br>
<p>When, about the same time, a $40,000 bequest was received from Charles Sanders (class of 1802) for</p><br>
<p>"a hall or theatre to be used on public occasion connected with the College, whether literary or festive", a vision was formed of a single building containing a large theater as well as a large open hall, and thus meeting both goals.</p><br>
<p>A site was found on the "Delta", the triangle bounded by Cambridge, Kirkland, and Quincy Streets.</p><br>
<p>To take over the Delta&#39;s prior role, Jarvis Field was purchasedabout five acres, or 2ha, bounded by Massachusetts Avenue, Oxford Street, Everett Street, and now-defunct Jarvis Street; it is now the site of Harvard Law School.</p><br>
<p>In 1874, Harvard played McGill there in the first rugby-style football game played in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s Kirkland Street was truncated in conjunction with construction of the Science Center, so that the Delta no longer exists as an isolated city block.</p><br>
<p>The project was formally named Memorial Hall in September 1870, and</p><br>
<p>on October 6 the cornerstone was laid, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. composing a hymn for the occasion.</p><br>
<p>In May 1878, the Committee of Fifty notified the President and Fellows that the project was complete and the premises ready for formal transfer to the university. On July8 the President and Fellows unanimously voted to "accept with profound gratitude this splendid and precious gift".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and facilities</h2><br>
<p>The building&#39;s High Victorian Gothic design, by Harvard alumni William Robert Ware and Henry Van Brunt, was selected in a blind competition. A 1907 publication gives dimensions of 305 by 113 feet, with a height of 190 feet at the tower</p><br>
<p>a 2012 source gave a height of 195 feet, making it the ninth-tallest building in Cambridge at that time.</p><br>
<p>Its 1970 National Historic Landmark designation recognized it one of the nation&#39;s most dramatic examples of High Victorian Gothic architecture.</p><br>
<p>A general restoration was carried out between 1987 and 1996.</p><br>
<h3>Annenberg Hall</h3><br>
<p>Shackleton, Robert. (1916), p. 235.</p><br>
<p>first=Josiah Lafayettelast=Sewardpublisher=J. W. Boottmagazine=The Bay State Monthlyvolume=1number=3date=March 1884url= </p><br>
<p>What was originally known as Alumni Hall—nine thousand square feet shaped by massive wooden trusses, walnut paneling, and a blue, stenciled ceiling—was dedicated in 1874.</p><br>
<p>Originally intended for formal occasions such as alumni dinners, it was almost immediately converted to a dining commons, and was for fifty years the colleges main dining hall (charging, in 1884, $3.97 for a months meals).</p><br>
<p>, Harvard Crimson, November 15, 1884.</p><br>
<p>In 1893, Harvard Graduates Magazine described "the throngs of men who, at one o&#39;clock, are to be seen racing across the yard from Harvard, Boylston, and Sever, striving to reach Hall ahead of slower competitors for vacant seats at the overtaxed tables".</p><br>
<p>But "as the center of University life moved south toward the Charles, became less popular and closed in 1925" (see Harvard College § House system), after which Alumni Hall saw mostly light use, typically as a venue for dances, banquets, examinations, and the like.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, The New York Times reported that Harvard officials had "at last found a use for Memorial Hall" by siting a rifle range in the basement.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the Crimson reported</p><br>
<p>Harvard Crimson. August 24, 1943. Retrieved 2012-11-10. that "the Great Hall" was being used "in winter-time for the 6 oclock in the morning calisthenics of the Chaplains School" (though without explaining why Harvard Divinity students had been singled out for this treatment) and intimated that Stevens Laboratory, in the basement, "is doing secret work in acoustics".</p><br>
<p>After extensive renovations, in 1996 the space was renamed Annenberg Hall and supplanted, as the freshmen dining hall, the Harvard Union, which had performed that function during most of the intervening time.</p><br>
<h3>Sanders Theatre</h3><br>
<p>Sanders Theatre, substantially completed in 1875 and first used for Harvards 1876 commencement, was inspired by Christopher Wrens Sheldonian Theatre.</p><br>
<p>Renowned for its acoustics, and with 1000 seats one of Harvard&#39;s largest classrooms,</p><br>
<p>Sanders is in great demand for lectures, concerts, ceremonies and conferences.</p><br>
<p>Winston Churchill, Theodore Roosevelt, Martin Luther King Jr., and Mikhail Gorbachev have spoken there.</p><br>
<p>Sanders features John La Farge&#39;s stained-glass window Athena Tying a Mourning Fillet; statues of James Otis (by Thomas Crawford) and Josiah Quincy III (by William Wetmore Story) flank the stage.</p><br>
<p>The exterior gables display busts of great orators: Demosthenes, Cicero, John Chrysostom, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, Edmund Burke, and Daniel Webster.</p><br>
<p>Sanders Theatre contributed in an unusual way to the early work of Wallace Sabine, considered the founder of architectural acoustics. In 1895, tasked with improving the dismal acoustical performance of the Fogg Museum&#39;s lecture hall, Sabine carried out a series of nocturnal experiments there, using hundreds of seat cushions borrowed from nearby Sanders as sound-absorbent material; his work each night was limited by the requirement that the cushions be returned to Sanders in time for morning lectures there.</p><br>
<p>The scientific unit of sound absorption, the sabin, is very close to the absorption provided by one Sanders Theatre cushion.</p><br>
<h3>Memorial Transept</h3><br>
<p>The Memorial Transept serves as a vestibule for Sanders Theatre. It consists of a 60 ft gothic vault above a marble floor, with black walnut paneling and stenciled walls, a large stained glass window over each of two exterior doors, and twenty-eight white tablets listing the 136 Harvard men who died fighting for the Union:</p><br>
<p>Confederate deaths are not represented.</p><br>
<h3>Loker Commons</h3><br>
<p>Beneath Annenberg Hall, Loker Commons offers a student pub, music practice spaces, and other facilities.</p><br>
<h3>Fenestration</h3><br>
<p>Twenty-two stained-glass windows, installed between 1879 and 1902, include several by John La Farge, Louis Comfort Tiffany Studios, Donald MacDonald, Sarah Wyman Whitman,</p><br>
<p>Harvard Magazine, January–February 2010. and Charles Mills.</p><br>
<h3>Tower and clock</h3><br>
<p>The central tower was nearly complete by 1876, but criticism convinced Van Brunt and Ware to revise it in 1877.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, added was what a 1905 guidebook described as "an enormous detonates the hours in a manner which is by no means conducive to the sleep of the just and the rest of the weary",</p><br>
<p>and which Kenneth John Conant termed "railroad Gothic".</p><br>
<p>In 1932, the clock&#39;s driving works, and the associated 155-pound (70kg) bell-clapper, were somehow lowered 115 feet (35m) to the ground without attracting attention; visiting Yale students were suspected</p><br>
<p>but the clapper was never found. Three years later the disappearance of the replacement clapper, under similar circumstances, was rumored to be Yale University&#39;s revenge for the theft of its mascot, Handsome Dan.</p><br>
<p>The upper half of the tower was destroyed by fire in 1956 and rebuilt, to its 18771897 appearance, in 1996.</p><br>
<p>55 Central Park West is a 19-floor housing cooperative on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. Built in 1929, it was designed by the architectural firm Schwartz & Gross. The building is a contributing property within the Central Park West Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The building holds significance in American popular culture because the plot of the 1984 film Ghostbusters revolves heavily around it. Although the building does not have an official name, it is often colloquially referred to as The Ghostbusters Building, The Shandor Building, The Shandor Apartments or Spook Central, the fictional names it is given in the film.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Plans for the building, between 65th and 66th Streets, were filed by architectural firm Schwartz & Gross at the behest of Victor Earle and John C. Calhoun, for whom they were working. Earle, and his brother Guyon, had been actively developing the Upper West Side of New York City since the 1910s.</p><br>
<p>The structure is considered to be mostly "second tier" by the socialite New Yorkers who occupy most of the buildings along Central Park West. It was opened as a rental property in 1930. Its neighbor to the south is the earlier Holy Trinity Lutheran Church. Upon its opening Real Estate magazine praised it as resembling "Jungfrau, that most beloved snowcapped Alpine peak."</p><br>
<p>Musician Rudy Vallee and industrial designer Raymond Loewy were two of the building&#39;s earliest residents. The duplex penthouse on the 19th and 20th floors was owned by composer Jerry Herman in the 1970s, before he sold it for $1 million to Klein (who later sold it, and then bought it again in the 1990s). David Geffen later purchased it for $6 million, before selling it for $8.6 million to music executive Steve Gottlieb, who in turn listed it the week his record label TVT Records filed for bankruptcy.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was the first fully Art Deco structure on the street.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The exterior of the building is somewhat non-traditional. As the brick facade rises from the ground it changes shade from deep purple to yellow-white. Color was widely used during the 1920s as a tool in architecture for overall effects. The rental brochure stated: "new modernistic design of exterior with beautiful shaded color scheme". The New Yorkers architecture critic, George S. Chappell, praised the building&#39;s use of color, said, "the total effect is exhilarating."</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>When the building opened in 1930 it had apartments ranging from three to nine rooms, the largest of which had four bedrooms. The apartments featured a dropped living room, developed by the Earle brothers, which set the interior apart from most others constructed around the same period. An original rental brochure shows the dropped living room nearly entirely open to the entrance gallery; traditionally the gallery was held as a different room.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The building is a contributing property to the Central Park West Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1982. It is also a contributing property to the New York Citys Upper West Side / Central Park West local historic district. Benjamin Schwarz, writing for The Atlantic, said of the buildings along Central Park West, "no endeavor on earth is more arduous than getting into one of these buildings," and specifically cited the "details of Donna Karans deal for her digs at 55 Central Park West."</p><br>
<p>The building holds significance in American popular culture as it was prominently featured in the 1984 comedy Ghostbusters. In the film, "550 Central Park West" – known also as The Shandor Building, The Shandor Apartments or "Spook Central" – was the residence of the Ghostbusters&#39; first client, cellist Dana Barrett (Sigourney Weaver). They later learn it had been designed and constructed by insane architect and surgeon Ivo Shandor, who founded and led a secret society in 1920, The Cult of Gozer, dedicated to the worship of Gozer the Gozerian. Eight additional floors and a large rooftop temple were added to exterior shots of it via matte painting by Production designer/Art director John DeCuir. The Gozerian Temple consisted of its massive, ornate shrine, altars, obelisks and the iconic gargoyle statues depicting the Terror Dogs, Zuul the Gatekeeper and Vinz Clortho the Keymaster.</p><br>
<p>The building also appears in the 2003 Christmas film Elf, as the home of Buddy’s human family.</p><br>
<p>The One-Million-Liter Test Sphere—also known as the Test Sphere, the Horton Test Sphere, the Cloud Study Chamber, Building 527, and the "Eight Ball" —is a decommissioned biological warfare  chamber and testing facility located on Fort Detrick, Maryland, US. It was constructed and utilized by the USA Army Biological Warfare Laboratories as part of its BW research program from 1951 to 1969. It is the largest aerobiology chamber ever constructed and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>The structure</h2><br>
<p>The stainless steel test sphere, a cloud chamber used to study static microbial aerosols, is a four-story high, 131-ton structure. Its 1 in, carbon steel hull was designed to withstand the internal detonation of "hot" biological bombs without risk to outsiders. It was originally contained within a cubical brick building.</p><br>
<p>Its purpose was the study of infectious agent aerosols and testing of pathogen-filled munitions. The device was designed to allow exposure of animals and humans to carefully controlled numbers of organisms by an aerosol (inhalational) route. Live, tethered animals were inserted into the chamber along with BW bombs for exposure tests. Human volunteers breathed metered aerosols of Q fever or tularemia organisms through ports along the perimeter of the sphere.</p><br>
<h2>History (1947–1969)</h2><br>
<p>Herbert G. Tanner, the head of Camp (now Fort) Detrick&#39;s Munitions Division, had envisioned an enclosed environment where biological tests could be conducted on site, rather than at remote places like Dugway Proving Ground, Utah and Horn Island, Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>The facility was constructed during 1947 and 1948 and became operational at Camp Detrick in 1950.</p><br>
<p>The test sphere was utilized during the Operation Whitecoat studies (1954–73), the first exposure taking place on January 25, 1955.</p><br>
<h2>History (1969-present day)</h2><br>
<p>The test sphere has not been used since 1969, when the US offensive BW program was disestablished by President Nixon. The brick building housing the test sphere was destroyed by fire in 1974. However, the chamber itself was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The former Nast Trinity United Methodist Church, now known as The Warehouse Church, is a historic congregation of the United Methodist Church in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Designed by leading Cincinnati architect Samuel Hannaford and completed in 1880, and it was declared a historic site in the late twentieth century.</p><br>
<h2>Organic history</h2><br>
<p>Born in 1807 in the city of Stuttgart in Germany, William Nast immigrated to the United States at the age of twenty-one. After teaching at the United States Military Academy and at Kenyon College, he joined the Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of twenty-eight and was soon ordained to the Methodist ministry. Starting in Cincinnati in 1837, he began a process of organizing Methodist churches among German immigrants throughout the United States. Although the members of the new First German Methodist Episcopal Church originally worshipped in the nearby Wesley Chapel, they soon acquired the Race Street property on which the present church building is located. Eventually named Nast Methodist Church for its founder, the congregation merged with Trinity Methodist Church in 1958, and the two churches&#39; names were mingled.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Methodist was older than Nast Methodist, having been established in 1835. Its founding members had come together from several older Methodist Episcopal churches in various parts of the city, including Wesley Chapel; because the denomination lacked churches in the citys downtown, a lot was purchased on Ninth Street and the Trinity congregations building erected there. Over the years, Trinity was weakened multiple times by the establishment of several other congregations by some of its former members; more than half of its members left to found Walnut Hills Methodist Church in 1870, and the 1892 creation of Clifton Methodist Episcopal Church resulted in the departure of three-fourths of Trinitys leading members. By the middle of the twentieth century, the neighborhood surrounding Trinitys church building had become part of Cincinnati&#39;s central business district, and the congregation was continuing to shrink in both membership and money; as a result, it merged with Nast Methodist Church. Located on Ninth Street west of Race Street, the former Trinity Methodist Church building continues in existence to the present day.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Located in Cincinnati&#39;s Over-the-Rhine neighborhood, the church building is a stone structure with brick elements, built on a stone foundation and covered with a slate roof. Two-and-a-half stories tall, the church features a prominent front gable with a grand tympanum created in the Norman style. Numerous courses of undressed stone appear on the exterior, which is furthermore distinguished by a semi-Palladian window, an elaborate Romanesque Revival arch, multiple small circular windows, and small porches on both sides of the facade.</p><br>
<p>By choosing Samuel Hannaford (who was a member of the Winton Place Methodist Episcopal Church in the village of Winton Place) to design their new structure in 1881, Nast Methodist Episcopal Church selected one of Cincinnatis most prominent architects. Having completed the grand Cincinnati Music Hall in the 1870s, Hannaford was at the pinnacle of his career in the early 1880s. At this time, Cincinnati was experiencing significant growth, and Hannafords services were in demand throughout the city and its suburbs. Many other churches in the region commissioned buildings from Hannaford during this period of his life; more than a dozen survive today, and nearly all of these structures feature walls of ashlar with undressed exteriors, like that of Nast Trinity. Conversely, few of these church buildings are designed in the conventional Romanesque Revival style of Nast Trinity; the majority are Gothic Revival buildings, and several others are examples of the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Such a variation in styles was not restricted to religious buildings; as popular tastes changed, Hannaford willingly employed a wide range of architectural styles in all types of buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In recognition of its historically significant architecture, the National Park Service listed the former First German Methodist Episcopal Church on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It was part of a multiple property submission of structures designed by Samuel Hannaford in Cincinnati and the surrounding metropolitan area, which included thirteen different religious buildings and more than fifty buildings overall. Its designation as a historic site is particularly significant because of its religious nature, for churches and other religious properties are not typically considered eligible for inclusion on the Register.</p><br>
<p>University Hall is a white granite building designed by the great early American architect Charles Bulfinch and built by the noted early engineer Loammi Baldwin Jr. It is located in Harvard Yard on the campus of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>The hall was designed by Bulfinch, class of 1781, and built between 1813 and 1815 of white Chelmsford granite, probably using rock cut to size at the Charlestown Prison. It consists of a partial basement story, plus three full stories raised above ground as well as an additional story set within the roofline. The long east and west facades are very similar, and symmetrically arranged with two entrances per facade, each flanked by pilasters; smaller north and south facades present rows of windows. Total construction cost was $65,000 of which $53,000 was paid by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>University Halls first floor contained the College Commons (dining room) until 1849. The building also contained a library and philosophical (scientific) apparatus, as well as a chapel within the second and third floors. A massive portico with stone pillars was added to the western facade soon after completion, but removed in 1842. In 1849 the first floor was partitioned into classrooms; in 1867 the chapel was partitioned as well. In 1896 the chapel was restored and used for meetings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. In 1924 Daniel Chester Frenchs bronze statue of John Harvard was moved to the western façade from its original location near Memorial Hall.</p><br>
<h2>1969 Occupation</h2><br>
<p>In protest of the Vietnam War and Harvard&#39;s connections to it, students occupied University Hall on the night of April 8 to 9, 1969, forcing out Harvard officials and staff. In the early morning hours of April 10 the occupiers were ejected and some 100 to 300 persons arrested; about 50 were injured. Students once again occupied University Hall for brief periods in 2020 and 2024, related to fossil fuel divestment and the Israel-Hamas War, respectively.</p><br>
<p>Elm Court is a former Vanderbilt mansion located on Old Stockbridge Road, straddling the town line between Lenox and Stockbridge, Massachusetts. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and until July 2012 was owned and operated as a hotel by descendants of the original owners.</p><br>
<p>Elm Court was built as the Berkshire summer home of William Douglas Sloane and Emily Thorn Vanderbilt, a member of the wealthy American Vanderbilt family. Designed by premier architectural firm Peabody and Stearns, with gardens and landscape design by Frederick Law Olmsted, Elm Court is the largest Shingle style house in the United States, with 106 rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Commercial use, decline and restoration</h2><br>
<p>Upon the passing of Emily in 1946, then owners Colonel Helm George Wilde and his wife Marjorie Field Wilde (great-granddaughter of William H. Vanderbilt) opened Elm Court in 1948 as an Inn (Elm Court Club, Inc.) with an accommodation for up to 60 people. Dancing and dinner open to the public Saturday nights made for a popular spot for many years. Knott Hotels Corporation were retained as the operators of the Inn.</p><br>
<p>The Wildes - who also owned the neighboring 1,300 acre High Lawn manor (designed by Delano and Aldrich) and farm - pursued the Inn concept in order to preserve the estate and provide summer employment for the area&#39;s many teachers. The Inn eventually faltered and due to overwhelming operational costs, the house shuttered in 1959.</p><br>
<p>While some fine furnishings were removed, the house was largely left merely locked up but intact as it had been in 1959. Unoccupied, secluded, and only lightly patrolled, it fell prey over the years to massive vandalism, outright looting, some arson, and a general derelict state by the end of the 20th century. The massive elm tree on the grounds, for which the property was named died in March of 1953 of Dutch Elm disease.</p><br>
<p>Upon the death of George Wilde in 1998, the Elm Court passed to his daughter Lila Wilde Berle of Stockbridge. Lila&#39;s husband, Peter A. A. Berle (1937–2007), was a highly respected environmentalist, New York State assemblyman, commissioner of the State Department of Environmental Conservation and president of the National Audubon Society She in turn sold the estate in 1999 to her son, Robert Berle, great-great-grandson of the Sloanes, and his wife, Sonya, for just under $1 million. They undertook a major restoration effort, repairing original details and adding new wiring, plumbing, heating, and opened the property as a luxury Inn while portions of the home remained a work in progress with restoration.</p><br>
<p>In August 2005, the estate - with the manor house, greenhouse, carriage house and cottage - was placed on the market for sale for an asking price of $21,500,000 on 90 acre. By comparison the highest price for any Berkshire County property sold was recorded January, 2007 for Southmayd Farm for $6.9 million</p><br>
<p>The propertys asking price was reduced to $17.5 million in July 2006 and a contract was signed for sale to a Florida-based hotel business (The Kessler Collection&#39;). However that deal fell through and was mutually terminated by both parties. Last listed at $14 million, it was taken off the market at the end of 2006.</p><br>
<p>In the Spring of 2010, the Town of Stockbridge approved a permit for an 18-room hotel in the mansion. The Town of Lenox approved a sign permit for the property in the summer of 2010. These permits are in addition to the restaurant permit for the original horse stable, already in place. (Town of Stockbridge, MA; Board of Selectmen Special Permit Hearing January 6, 2003).</p><br>
<h2>Commercial sale in 2012; ending the last of the Berkshire cottages held by family</h2><br>
<p>In July 2012 it was announced that the property in its entirety (55,000-square foot mansion on 89 acres) was sold to a Colorado-based group for $9.8 million for a proposed 112-room hotel, which included a spa and restaurant component. That is believed to be the highest price paid for a residential property in Berkshire County history.</p><br>
<p>Prior to this, Elm Court had been the last of the Berkshire cottages to have remained in the family of its original owners. Robert Berle is a descendant of William Douglas Sloane and Emily Vanderbilt.</p><br>
<p>A $50 million renovation of the property was due to take place in 2020. These plans were not realized and the property was again for sale as of November 2020.</p><br>
<p>The estate was purchased from the existing Colorado-based company in 2022 with new ownership, Vanderbilt Berkshires Estate, LLC, committed to restoring the vibrancy of this treasured landmark with the next incarnation of this legacy property.</p><br>
<h2>External media: video</h2><br>
<p>In 2004 Bob Vilas television show Home Again&#39; did a multi-segment visit to Elm Court with the Berle family.</p><br>
<p>The Oliver Hastings House is a historic house Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is a National Historic Landmark, noted as an excellent example of Greek Revival architecture. It was the home of Oliver Hastings, a local builder.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed by Hastings in 1844 adjacent to the home of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (now the Longfellow House–Washington&#39;s Headquarters National Historic Site). The house consists of two main dwelling stories topped by a hip roof that has a central monitor providing a partial third floor space. The building is in a T shape, with a rear section that extends one bay beyond the sides of the main front block. It has broad stripped pilasters at the corners, and a cornice with dentil molding. Its most prominent architectural feature is the rounded portico of the front facade, which is flanked by full-height windows on either side. Iron grillwork forms accent the second floor exterior, and the first floor of the portico has fluted Corinthian columns. Although the exterior of the house has been well preserved, the interior has been altered, particularly by its 20th century institutional owners.</p><br>
<p>It was later the home of William Lawrence, professor and Dean of the Episcopal Theological School and subsequently Bishop of Massachusetts. The house was purchased by the Theological School in 1950. It now forms part of the Brattle Street campus of Lesley University and Episcopal Divinity School, serving as the university&#39;s Office of Advancement and Alumni Relations.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Lyndeborough Center Historic District, located in the town of Lyndeborough, New Hampshire, United States, consists of three structures: the Town Pound, Town Hall, and Congregational Church. The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. In 2010, by town meeting vote, this district became part of a larger, officially zoned local historic district.</p><br>
<h2>Town Pound</h2><br>
<p>The Town Pound is a square-shaped stone structure, open at the top and entered through a gate. It was constructed in 1774, and originally was topped with a wooden enclosure.</p><br>
<h2>Town Hall</h2><br>
<p>The Town Hall is Lyndeboroughs third completed hall, and the second to occupy a site in the Historic District. (The towns second Town Hall, a two-story, 50 by meetinghouse, occupied roughly the same site from c. 1769 until 1845.) The current hall is a -story Greek Revival building, constructed in 1845-46 as a 35 by building with a meeting hall and one anteroom at the southeast corner. In 1883, the town significantly enlarged the building by removing the west wall and adding a 12.5 ft addition to the back of the building and installing partitions to create the northeast anteroom (now used as a kitchen)and a small entry foyer.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, apparently at the urging of and with the help of the Pinnacle Grange (the local chapter of The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry), the town increased the pitch of the roof, thereby adding space in the attic for dinners and other functions, and added an ell to the southwest corner. At this time a metal roof was added to the building, though it was removed in 1919. A metal ceiling was installed in the meeting room in 1913, an Arts-and-Crafts-style stage sometime between 1913 and 1919, and a second chimney behind the stage in 1920. (The piano now sitting against the stage wall dates from 1919.) A storage area was added to the back of the building in 1913. The attic was remodeled in 1934, and electricity was installed in the building in 1937. Since 1975, the building has appeared on Lyndeborough&#39;s unofficial town seal.</p><br>
<h2>Congregational Church</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival-style Congregational Church dates from 1837, when pressure from the Baptist Society resulted in the church moving out of the third town hall. According to Donovan and Woodward, in their History of Lyndeborough, the church steeple was shortened sometime in the nineteenth century when it was hit by lightning; in fact, exterior details suggest the entire steeple may have been rebuilt prior to or during the mid-1850s, when the church bell was added. The interior of the church was extensively remodeled in the 1890s, and the entire structure underwent major structural repairs in the mid-1980s. Since the merging of the Baptist and Congregationalist churches in town, the church has been under the control of the United Church of Lyndeborough. Currently it is used for summer services, as the building is not heated.</p><br>
<p>From 1837 until about 1920, horse sheds occupied the area between the Congregational Church and the Town Pound.</p><br>
<h2>Roads and stone walls</h2><br>
<p>Three roads pass through the Historic District: Center Road, which is a paved class-IV (state-maintained) road; Stone Bridge Road, which is an unpaved class-VI (unmaintained town) road; and an unnamed class-VI right-of-way connecting Center Road to a lower section of Stone Bridge Road. Center Road was created as a two-rod (33-foot) right-of-way sometime before 1770, and was widened to three rods (50 feet) as part of a project to create a road across Hillsborough County in 1800-1804. The right-of-way was widened in 1840 between New Road and Stone Bridge Road because of problems relating to blowing snow. The original section of Center Road, which ran much closer to the Old Town Hall, Town Pound, Congregational Church, and Congregational Parsonage, was not discontinued, but generally fell into disuse as a travelled road after 1840. It is now part of the town common.</p><br>
<p>Stone Bridge Road is a two-rod (33-foot) right-of-way that was constructed in 1770 to connect Lyndeborough Center (and the meetinghouse) to western Lyndeborough. The road connected to Putnam Hill Road, which allowed travel from the Town Hall to the site of the first town meetinghouse, into South Lyndeborough and through what later became the South Lyndeborough Village Common, and along Citizens&#39; Hall Road and Pettingill Hill Road before veering southward into Wilton.</p><br>
<p>The unnamed class-VI road appears as a road on an 1858 map of Hillsborough County, but like Stone Bridge Road, fell into disuse by 1892 (though it was never discontinued, and thus legally is still a public right-of-way). Under New Hampshire law it is a prescriptive road, created through "adverse possession" (continuous public use) over a 20-year period prior to January 1, 1968. Thus, the width of the right-of-way is legally undetermined, but is assumed to be two rods.</p><br>
<p>The stone walls behind the Town Pound, Town Hall, and former Town Barn date from about 1800. The stone wall along the east side of Center Road dates from 1840, when the road was moved to its current position.</p><br>
<h2>Town Common</h2><br>
<p>The Town Common between the current Town Hall and Congregational Church, and which runs in front of the church and Town Pound, was created in 1840 when Center Road was moved to its current location east of the original right-of-way. The right-of-way over the common was never discontinued, giving the town the right to use the common space for public purposes.</p><br>
<p>However, the remainder of the land around the Town Hall has been referred to as the "Common" since at least 1770, during construction of the original meetinghouse at this site. Originally the common extended from what today is the north side of the Town Pound to the north side of the Center Cemetery. (The cemetery was added around 1800.) However, the town sold a small portion of the common adjacent to the cemetery&#39;s north side in 1817 to pay for repairs to the original meetinghouse. Today that land—approximately one acre in area—is a privately owned apple orchard. Meanwhile, the area west of the meetinghouse became private property at an undetermined time in the 19th century, but was donated back to the town in 2001.</p><br>
<p>In 1940 the town added a flagpole to the common. The current fiberglass pole which replaced it dates from approximately 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Town Barn</h2><br>
<p>The historic district also includes a noncontributing (newer) structure, the Town Barn. Constructed c. 1938, the building housed the towns highway department until the mid-1980s. In 1997, the town rented it to the Lafayette Artillery Company for 99 years at $1 per year. It continues to serve as the Artillerys headquarters. The building occupies a site immediately adjacent to the former location of the town&#39;s old late-nineteenth-century hearse house.</p><br>
<h2>Controlling organizations</h2><br>
<p>Currently, several entities oversee the properties that compose the Lyndeborough Center Historic District. By state statute, the Board of Selectmen controls the Town Hall, Town Pound, common, and roads. The Lyndeborough Highway Department oversees general maintenance of the grounds. The local Cemetery Trustees oversee the cemetery (which is part of the local historic district, but is not part of the federally recognized historic district). The Lafayette Artillery Company rents the Town Barn. The United Church of Lyndeborough controls the church building, though technically the building continues to belong to the Congregational Society/United Church of Christ. From the late 1980s until 2010, the local Meetinghouse Committee recommended repairs to the Town House to the Board of Selectmen. Starting in 2010, the Lyndeborough Center Historic District Commission has overseen issues relating to historic preservation and zoning for the entire district, with special attention to the maintenance, repair, and restoration of the Town Hall. The commission adopted rules and regulations pertaining to the district on September 13, 2012. Finally, the Lyndeborough Trails Association has worked to improve Stone Bridge Road for the use of horse traffic.</p><br>
<h2>Local monuments controversy</h2><br>
<p>In 2009, a controversy erupted over the historic district when the Meetinghouse Committee, which at the time advised the Board of Selectmen on matters relating to the upkeep to the Town Hall, suggested that the Selectmen approve the permanent removal of the towns war memorials and Civil War-era Hartshorn Memorial Cannon to the historic district. The monuments were moved to the center temporarily, but who moved them—and on whose authority—remains unknown. Subsequently, in 2010, a town Monuments Committee determined that the move was not appropriate, as it created a new focal point which detracted from the historic districts authenticity. In April 2010, the Board of Selectmen voted to move the monuments to South Lyndeborough, from which they had been taken.</p><br>
<p>The Nathan Appleton Residence, also known as the Appleton-Parker House, is a historic house located at 39–40 Beacon Street in the Beacon Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It was designated a National Historic Landmark for its association with revolutionary textile manufacturer Nathan Appleton , and as the site in 1843 of the wedding of his daughter Frances and poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The house is an excellent early 19th century design of Alexander Parris.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This pair of brick townhouses rise three stories, and are joined by a common firewall. When built in 1821, they were essentially mirror images of each other, differing in only relatively minor interior respects. Their main facades are each three bays wide, with the outer bay a rounded projection with two windows. The door to each unit occupied the center bay and is framed by a wooden surround and topped by a fanlight; a Doric portico provides shelter. At the top of each building a low balustrade conceals a low-pitched roof. In the 1870s a fourth floor was added; the original balustrades were retained. The rounded bays of number 39 were altered in the 1880s by the addition of a third window on each level, and what were originally single-story servant wings in the rear of each unit were extended and raised to three stories by later owners.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property here had been owned by painter John Singleton Copley and much of the land had been purchased by Dr. John Joy, who headed a real estate company.</p><br>
<p>In 1819, Nathan Appleton and business partner Daniel Pinckney Parker bought a house that had been standing on the property and tore it down. They then had the twin house built, designed by architect Alexander Parris and numbered 39 and 40 Beacon Street. In 1843 Appleton&#39;s daughter Frances (Fanny) was married in this house to poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Appleton was one of the great financial minds behind the early industrialization of New England, funding the Boston Manufacturing Company and developing a strategy for selling its products. He parlayed this early success into the later development of major industrial complexes at Lowell and Lawrence, Massachusetts, and also Manchester, New Hampshire. Appleton lived at 39 Beacon Street from 1821 until his death in 1861.</p><br>
<p>From 1914 to the 1990s it housed the Women&#39;s City Club of Boston. It has since been subdivided into condominiums. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Old Constitution House is a historic house at 16 North Main Street in Windsor, Vermont. It is the birthplace of the Vermont Republic and the Constitution of the State of Vermont. A mid-18th century building built in a simple Georgian architectural style, the Old Constitution House was originally called the Windsor Tavern, and belonged to Elijah West at the time of the signing of the constitution. The house is a Vermont State Historic Site, and is administered by the Vermont Division for Historic Preservation. It is also listed on National Register of Historic Places, separately since March 11, 1971 as well as a part of the Windsor Village Historic District since April 23, 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land presently identified as Vermont had multiple claims upon it in the 18th century. British Royal governors from New Hampshire and New York claimed portions of the area, and settlers from Connecticut and Massachusetts had claimed land and begun settlement. In 1764 British King George III ruled that New York had jurisdiction of the area, even though most of its settlement had taken place under New Hampshire-issued grants. Settlers faced continuing competing claims and demands for tax from both New Hampshire and New York, and exorbitant costs to transfer grants from New Hampshire to New York. The conflict continued and grew, and Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys formed a militia aligned primarily against the New York colony and its governor.</p><br>
<p>In January 1777 representatives of the grants met in convention at Westminster. The convention declared its independence from all external forces, and adopted the name "New Connecticut." The group reconvened on June 4, 1777, at Windsor, a letter by Dr. Thomas Young of Philadelphia, who supported the attempt of independence, was read. Young urged the adoption of the name "Vermont" and the creation of a constitution for Vermont.</p><br>
<p>On July 2, 1777, a constitutional convention met in Windsor at Elijah Wests tavern. A new constitution, taking inspiration from Benjamin Franklins constitution for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, was drafted. This constitution went further than Pennsylvanias in establishing civil liberties. It became the first constitution in the new world to outlaw slavery and indentured servitude, it provided universal manhood suffrage without requirement of property ownership, and required the free education of its citizens, male and female, at public expense. The constitutional convention continued for several days, hammering out the distribution of powers, the rights of three co-equal branches of government, and the rights of the citizens. During this period the British, under Lieutenant General John Burgoyne captured Fort Ticonderoga, and Mount Independence. Settlers in Vermonts western towns were panicked and began to flee. The American forces in the form of the Continental Army slowed the British advance, giving the Green Mountain Boys time to respond in force.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of July 8, 1777 news of the British advances had panicked the convention, several called for adjournment and suggested reconvening later. A violent thunderstorm with heavy downpour kept delegates in West&#39;s Tavern and the document was completed, and signed. The Vermont Republic was begun, and continued for fourteen years. In 1791 Vermont joined the federal union, becoming the first state admitted after the original thirteen.</p><br>
<h2>Preserving the Old Constitution House</h2><br>
<p>Elijah West&#39;s tavern was originally located near the center of town. It continued to function as a tavern until 1848 when it was converted to space for a store and light manufacturing. Around 1870 the house was moved to a side street and became a residential tenement. In 1890 the house was converted to a warehouse.</p><br>
<p>In 1901 efforts to preserve the Old Constitution House began. In 1911 a group called the Old Constitution House Association was formed towards acquiring and restoring the house. Shortly after the house was donated by its owners, the Fay family, to the association, and property for the house&#39;s present location was given by William M. Evarts. By 1914 sufficient funds for the restoration had been raised, and work began under the direction of architect Sheldon Newton.</p><br>
<p>The Old Constitution House Association continued to operate the house as a museum until 1961 when it transferred ownership to the Vermont Division for Historic Preservation. The house has been restored to approximate a tavern with period rooms showing a tavern room, dining room, tea parlor and guest rooms. Many of the historic items have been donated by descendants of the delegates and by the Daughters of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is located in Covington, Kentucky, Madison Avenue. This historic church was founded November 24, 1842, in a third floor of a brick building near the Covington market. The cornerstone of the first church was June 24, 1843 and the first service was on June 30, 1844. The church has served the people of Covington and Cincinnati, Ohio through wars and floods. The church is active today, with a large congregation at its Fourth and Madison Avenue location. The Rev. Peter D&#39;Angio is the rector. It is the second largest parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Lexington.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 1, 1982. This was because it is an excellent example of how medieval techniques in architectural design affected Episcopal church building in the United States in the 19th century, in a style known as Gothic Revival.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church, a member of the Episcopal Diocese of Lexington, was officially founded in 1829, although the first Episcopal church in Kentucky was built in 1796 in central Kentucky, known as "The Episcopal Society". The first Trinity Episcopal Church in Covington was a wooden structure with external walls of board and batten built in 1843, after $350 was spent to purchase the land.</p><br>
<p>The current building was constructed between 1857 and 1859. The timber and truss roof lies above a brick and stone masonry structure. An 1871 expansion had to be rebuilt in 1872 due to fire, with the mayor of Covington giving land to Trinity Episcopal Church in 1872 to assist. In 1885 a two-story guild hall was constructed to serve the church. Further additions in 1887 and 1888 included a new western front and a new nave bay, which allowed for a new baptistery and entry bell tower. The last enhancements to the building were in 1961 and 1962, which included an L-shaped annex of brick used for classrooms and offices.</p><br>
<p>Governor of Kentucky and Senator, John W. Stevenson, belonged to Trinity Episcopal Church. The first public library in Covington was built by Trinity Episcopal. The church also started the Baker-Hunt Foundation, to teach both adults and children to appreciate art.</p><br>
<p>In October 1897, the Kentucky Equal Rights Association&#39;s ninth annual convention at Guild Hall, Trinity Church. The Kenton County Equal Rights Association, led by its president Mrs. Eugenia B. Farmer (and which met biweekly at the home of Mrs. Sallie B. Wolcott) hosted the convention.</p><br>
<p>The Ohio River flood of 1937 reached Trinity Episcopal, causing extensive water damage on the bottom floor. The Church struggled to pay for repairs.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Brass, decorative windows, and wood carvings enhance the chancel, nave, sacristy, sanctuary, and south transept.</p><br>
<p>The James Whitcomb Riley Museum Home, one of two homes known as the James Whitcomb Riley House on the National Register of Historic Places, is a historic building in the Lockerbie Square Historic District of Indianapolis, Indiana. It was named a National Historic Landmark in 1962 for its association with poet James Whitcomb Riley , known as the "Hoosier poet".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An Indianapolis baker, John R. Nickum, had the building built in 1872. Nickum had the money to build the house as he had supplied the Union Army in Indianapolis with hardtack, a form of cracker despised by soldiers, during the Civil War. Nickum&#39;s daughter, Magdalena, and her husband Charles Holstein, a lawyer, would possess it when, in 1893, they invited noted poet James Whitcomb Riley to live with them. Riley had a bedroom on the second floor in this building for 23 years, helping the Holsteins with expenses.</p><br>
<p>After Riley and the Holsteins died, William Fortune bought it in 1916. He would later, presumably at the behest of Booth Tarkington, transfer ownership to the James Whitcomb Riley Memorial Association five years later. Due to so little time having passed from Rileys death to its preservation, most of the items of the household items of Rileys day, except for the kitchen, remain within the domicile.</p><br>
<p>Due to Rileys fame, it is the best known of the domiciles in the Lockerbie Square Historic District. The Riley Childrens Foundation operates the museum. Noted items are the wicker chair which he frequently used after his stroke in 1911, and the bed on which he died on July 22, 1916.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The structure is a two-story brick house on a stone foundation and full basement that is considered an excellent example of Italianate architecture typical of the neighborhood&#39;s homes built in the 1860s and 1870s. Slate shingles cover a roof which has wide overhanging eaves and decorated brackets, and is low-pitched hipped. Other features of the house are a central tower with oval-glazed paired doors, and masonry crowns atop tall narrow windows and inverted U-shaped windows on the highest floor. Water pumps took water from the well to tanks within the attic that could supply water to different rooms in the house. The interior woodwork is all hand-carved solid hardwoods. The lighting was originally fueled by gas, but is now powered by electricity. Speaking tubes were installed so that the staff could receive orders in the kitchen from other parts of the house.</p><br>
<p>James Whitcomb Riley House - Charles L. Holstein House.jpgJames Whitcomb Riley House in 1975</p><br>
<p>James Whitcomb Riley Museum Home marker.JPGMarker denoting the home&#39;s NHL status</p><br>
<p>James Whitcomb Riley Museum Home rear.JPGRear of the House</p><br>
<p>James Whitcomb Riley (bust) by Myra Reynolds Richards (1916).jpgThe bust by Myra Reynolds Richards 1916)</p><br>
<p>The Langham is a luxury apartment building located at 135 Central Park West on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City. After the site was unused for more than 15 years, the building was constructed between 1905 and 1907. Built at a cost of US $2 million, the structure included modern amenities, such as an ice maker in every apartment. The building was designed in the French Second Empire style by architects Clinton and Russell. It was listed as a contributing property to the federal government designated Central Park West Historic District on November 9, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1902 the property that The Langham stands on was owned by the same family, the Clarks, who owned the prestigious Dakota. The Clark family acquired the property during a period from 1880–1884 when they acquired numerous properties, including the site of The Dakota. The building is currently owned by the Manocherian family. Located at what is now 135 Central Park West, The Langham occupies the blockfront between West 73rd and 74th Streets. The location remained vacant until the Clark family liquidated it in 1902. At first the property would not sell because they had placed an unusual restriction on it, no building built could exceed the height of The Dakota, which stands across 73rd Street. Apparently, the Clarks could not sell the site with the restriction in place as the sale deed from later in 1902 indicated only a standard "restriction on stables and billboards."</p><br>
<p>The site was purchased by Abraham Boehm and Lewis Coon but remained vacant until 1904. Architects Clinton and Russell, working for Boehm and Coon, filed plans for a US$2 million building in 1904.</p><br>
<p>By September 1906 the finishing touches were being applied and The Langham was fully complete and open for rental in 1907. The reporting from The New York Times lavished praise upon the building when it opened, noting among its modern amenities "real ice." In each icebox is an extra coil of pipe, through which a freezing mixture circulates, so that if a tenant wants a piece of real ice, without going to the trust for it, all he has to do is fill a small metal pan with water, place it within the coil, and in a few minutes its contents will be frozen solid. (Emphasis original).</p><br>
<p>When The Langham was completed in 1907, its apartments rented for $500 per month and attracted wealthy and successful tenants early on. William Brown, president of The New York Central Railroad lived here, Irving Bloomingdale, son of the founder of Bloomingdales, moved into The Langham from a limestone townhouse when it opened. Isadore Saks moved from the Art Deco Majestic to the Langham with his son Joseph. Martin Beck, head of the Orpheum Theater chain, was another prominent early resident. He would go on to establish the Palace Theater, where Charlie Chaplin made his American stage debut. Other famous inhabitants have included Mick Jagger, Maureen OSullivan and her daughter Mia Farrow, Robert Ryan, Basil Rathbone and Carly Simon. The building has cinematic appearances in Love at First Bite, and in the movie Hannah and Her Sisters scenes were filmed inside the apartment of Maureen O&#39;Sullivan and Mia Farrow.</p><br>
<p>In 2006 the building was put up for sale. A writer for the New York Sun reported that estimates of the price went as high as $600 million.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by architects Clinton & Russell, working for Abraham Boehm and Lewis Coon, in the French Second Empire style.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark designations</h2><br>
<p>The Langham was listed as a contributing property to the Central Park West Historic District when the district was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1982. It is also part of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission&#39;s Central Park West Historic District, designated in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Archbold Biological Station  is a research institute with a surrounding 5,192.63 acre estate near Lake Placid, Florida, US, in Highlands County. It is a venue for field research and education, as well as ranching.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The station was established in 1941 by Richard Archbold when his sponsorship of zoological research in New Guinea was curtailed by the outbreak of the Second World War in the Pacific region. Archbold acquired the initial land for the biological research station through his friend Donald Roebling from his father, John A. Roebling II. Subsequently, additional land was purchased. On July 20, 2007, the station was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The station encompasses an extensive area of Florida scrub, a scientifically interesting and highly threatened ecosystem. The Station supports 19 federally listed threatened species, including the Sand Skink (Neoseps reynoldsi) and 13 endemic plant species.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The station and grounds are open to visitors, who must register at the main office. There are some displays about the property and its history, a video about the biodiversity and conservation of the Lake Wales Ridge, a 1/2 mile nature trail, and picnic tables. Nature and environmental education programs are offered for schools, adults, and specialty groups.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate of Archbold Biological Station is classified as humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa), bordering on a tropical monsoon climate (Am), with hot, humid summers and warm, drier winters. Winters are slightly too cool by about three degrees F (2 degrees C) in January. Also, its inland location on the well-drained sandy soil of the Lake Wales Ridge allows for high diurnal temperature variation, with frost and freeze conditions common each year, and a plant hardiness zone rating of 9. The record high and record low are 103 &deg;F and 13 &deg;F, recorded on July 4, 1998, and January 5, 2001, respectively.</p><br>
<p>Locke-Ober was a longstanding fine dining restaurant in Boston that operated between circa 1875 and 2012. Claimed to be the city’s fourth-oldest restaurant , Durgin-Park , and the Jacob Wirth Restaurant ), it featured classical French cuisine and seafood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival building where Locke-Ober operated was constructed in 1832. By 1862, the Boston City Directory listed Adrien Destre as operating a restaurant at 2 Winter Place. By 1868, F.A. Blanc was listed as running the restaurant. By 1879, Boston city records listed Luis Ober as the proprietor of a restaurant at there of "over twenty years&#39; standing". From the start, the restaurant specialized in French food and was central to the financial, political, and intellectual history of Boston.</p><br>
<p>Louis Ober was born in 1837 in the French department of Alsace. At age fourteen he moved to New York, working as a barber, book seller, and importing and exporting goods between the United States and France. Ober lived and worked in New Jersey, Cincinnati, and Philadelphia, before settling in Boston. He was employed at the restaurant then owned and operated by Blanc. While in Blancs employ, Ober became familiar with French food, fine wine and furnishings. By 1875, Ober had acquired ownership and applied to the city for expansion of the restaurant to 3-4 Winter Place. Financing was provided by Eben Jordan, a co-founder of the Jordan Marsh Company. The restaurant reopened as Obers Restaurant Parisien.</p><br>
<p>Over the next 20 years the restaurant was expanded and became furnished with increasingly luxurious imported materials typical of the Gilded Age, including Honduran mahogany, French furniture, Italian and French sculpture and paintings, English silver, and Bohemian crystal lighting. Until 1970 the restaurant was open to males only.</p><br>
<p>By the late twentieth century, Locke-Ober - though still possessing most of its original grand trappings - had lost much of its popularity. Boston restaurateur Lydia Shire, with investor Paul Licari, leased the space in 2001 and began a painstaking restoration of the main and private dining rooms on the third floor, adding two more contemporary rooms. Jacky Robert was executive chef until 2003. Nonetheless, the restaurant closed in 2012, with reports that the owners planned to sell the building.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The location is now occupied by Yvonne&#39;s, described by the Boston Globe as a “modern-day Locke-Ober”.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>The fictional character I.M. Fletcher has lunch at Locke-Ober with newspaper editor Jack Saunders in the 1976 novel Confess, Fletch by Gregory McDonald. The restaurant was the setting of the opening scene in Robert B. Parkers 1980 Spenser novel Looking for Rachel Wallace. It was also the setting of the denouement of Death in a Tenured Position (also published as A Death in the Faculty) by Amanda Cross published in 1981. It was also the restaurant that Professor Lambeau took Robin Williams character, Sean, to in an attempt to convince him to work with the main protagonist in Good Will Hunting in 1997. In 1982s "The Verdict" starring Paul Newman ( James Masons character announces "well be at Locke-Obers" in the scene where his law firm is prepping for its case.</p><br>
<p>The Sovereign Hotel was a Portland, Oregon, hotel built in 1923. The nine-story building was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1981. Part of the building houses a portion of the Oregon Historical Societys Oregon History Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Georgian-style building was designed by Carl L. Linde, and was also once known as the Sovereign Apartments. Opened in 1923, the Sovereign Hotel became the home of KFWV radio (later known as KWJJ) by September 1926, when the station moved from 385 E. 58th Street. In March 1927, KFWV moved its studios to the Broadway Theatre building.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was purchased by Harry Mittleman in 1938. Mittleman had constructed many Portland apartment buildings in the 1930s, and he converted the Sovereign into apartments shortly after acquisition. Mittleman sold the building in 1972.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the Oregon Historical Society (OHS) purchased the building to expand the Oregon History Center. The generally L-shaped building has six sides, and on four of the six sides are murals painted in 1989 by Richard Haas, two of which are eight stories tall and are collectively titled Oregon History. They were commissioned by OHS for $225,000. The mural on the buildings westernmost side shows the Lewis and Clark Expedition, while the one on the southernmost side of the structure depicts the pioneer period in Oregons history.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, OHS sold the building. A stipulation of the sale was that the new owner must preserve the Richard Haas murals. In early 2016, renovation of the building was under way, with completion projected for fall 2016.</p><br>
<p>Cornwall Furnace is located near Cedar Bluff, Alabama, United States, in Cherokee County. It was built by the Noble Brothers to supply iron products to the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The furnace is roughly pyramidal in shape, 30 ft square at the base, 15 ft square at the top, and 45 ft tall. It is built of large hematite blocks quarried from Dirt Cellar Mountain and brought the 3 mi to the site by ox cart. A half-mile (0.8 km) long mill race was constructed from the Chattooga River through a tunnel under a hill to power a water wheel which provided the air blast to operate the furnace. A bridge, no longer extant, spanned from the hillside to the top of the stack, where iron ore was loaded into the furnace. A gristmill and sawmill were also located on the site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Noble, Sr., and his five sons began operating the Noble Brothers foundry in Rome, Georgia, in 1855. In 1862 the Confederate States of America commissioned the company to build two new furnaces, in exchange for cannons, caissons, and other products. Construction of the furnace began shortly thereafter, involving an estimated 1,000 Confederate soldiers and slaves from nearby plantations.</p><br>
<p>The furnace went into production in either late 1862 or early 1863. Charcoal was produced on nearby farms and plantations to fire the furnace, and water power from the Chattooga River was used to power the blast. The pig iron ingots manufactured at the furnace were sent to the Noble Brothers&#39; foundry in Rome for the manufacture of war materials. The furnace was knocked out of production for the remainder of the war by Union troops under William T. Sherman in 1864.</p><br>
<p>It was put back into operation after the war in 1867, but was ceased operation permanently in 1874. Evangelist Samuel Porter Jones worked at the furnace some time after the Civil War operating an ox cart. The property changed hands several times over the next 100 years.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Cornwall Furnace was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Maria Baldwin House is a National Historic Landmark located at 196 Prospect Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The house is the northern half of a 19th-century two-family house, notable for its associations with educator Maria Louise Baldwin . It was her home when she served as the first female African-American principal in a Massachusetts school at Cambridge&#39;s Agassiz Grammar School . As the schoolmaster, she supervised 12 teachers, all white, who presided over a 98% white student body. The Agassiz School has since been renamed the Maria Baldwin School in her honor. The Baldwin House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The main block of the Baldwin House is a -story wood-frame structure resting on a brick foundation, with a side-gable roof. It is a duplex, a total of six bays in width, with a pair of doorways sheltered by portico supported by three Ionic columns. The doorways are flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters. The remaining bays are filled with two-over-two sash windows. There is a simple entablature below the main roofline, running around the house; the gable ends on the sides are fully enclosed. The house may originally have had corner pilasters, but there is now simple corner molding. To the rear of the house is a two-story kitchen ell, which is slightly lower than the main house due to lower interior ceiling heights on each level. The house is dated to the 1840s based on architectural analysis.</p><br>
<p>Maria Baldwin was born in Cambridge in 1856, graduated from its public schools in 1874, and received a degree from the Cambridge Teachers&#39; Training School the following year. Under pressure from the local African-American community, the Cambridge school administration offered her a teaching position in 1881. She was assigned to the Agassiz School, near Harvard University, and rose to become its master in 1916. At that time she was the first black woman in New England to hold such a high educational position, and was one of only two female masters in the Cambridge schools. The Agassiz School had an almost entirely white student population, and all of its teachers were white.</p><br>
<p>Baldwin moved into the northern half of the duplex at 194-196 Prospect Street in 1892, and lived there until her death in 1922. Her home was a social center of local upper-class African-American social circles, including prominent civil rights activists such as William Monroe Trotter and Archibald Grimké.</p><br>
<p>The Baldwin House is a private home and is not open to the public. The northern half of the duplex was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
